🚗Official 2026 Handbook
Washington Driver's Handbook 2026
Official Driver's Handbook / DMV Manual published by Washington Department of Licensing. Available in 11 languages.
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Will your ID fly at the airport? Will your ID fly at the airport?
REAL ID is a law that requires
driver licenses and IDs to
meet certain security
standards in order to be
accepted for domestic air
travel or to access some
federal facilities. Standard
driver licenses and IDs do
not qualify.
ARE YOU
READY?
Enhanced licenses and
IDs are among several
REAL ID-compliant options.
Do you have what you need?
Scan the QR code or go to dol.wa.gov/real-id
SLOW
DOWN
MOVE
OVER
STATE LAW
Everyone
gets home safe.
SLOW
DOWN
MOVE
OVER
STATE LAW
Move over 200 feet before
and after the scene.
Slow down to 10 mph below
the posted speed limit.
EMERGENCY
SCENE
AHEAD
Lo
Car crashes are a leading cause of death
and injury for young drivers in America.
KNOW THE CRASH RISKS
for ages
Distracted Driving
Teen Passengers
Drugs and Alcohol
Speed | Fatigue
No Seatbelts
Night Driving
Wet Roads
Inexperience
How many people are killed
on America’s roads each
year?
What should Washington’s
Traffic death goal be?
520-400 (R/4/25)
English
TABLE OF CONTENTS
We are Washington
Introduction
Contents
Equity for all customers
Contact Information | dol.wa.gov
1 | Licenses
Deciding to Drive ...............................................................1.0
Assigned WA Number (WDL Number) ..........................1.1
License Express .................................................................1.2
Licensing and Vehicle Offices........................................1.3
Washington state Residents ..........................................1.4
New residents.....................................................................1.5
New residents 18+ years old ..............................................................1.5
New residents: 16 to 17 years old .....................................................1.5
Your identity ................................................................................................1.5
Help for the unhoused ..........................................................................1.5
Identification and driver licenses .................................1.6
Real ID ..................................................................................1.7
Getting a Personal Driver License ................................1.8
Instruction permit .....................................................................................1.8
Getting your personal driver license: ages 16 to 17.............1.8
Getting your personal driver license: ages 18+ .....................1.8
Intermediate driver license ................................................................1.8
Agricultural permits ................................................................................1.8
Early warning letters................................................................................1.8
Health ...................................................................................1.9
Vision screenings .....................................................................................1.9
Organ donor ...............................................................................................1.9
Medical designations.............................................................................1.9
Endorsements ....................................................................1.10
Older drivers .......................................................................1.11
Personal Driver License Exams ......................................1.12
Two exams .....................................................................................................1.12
Taking the exams ......................................................................................1.12
Driver Training Education ................................................1.13
Over 18 .............................................................................................................1.13
For Guardians of New Drivers .........................................1.14
Maintaining your license .................................................1.15
Replacing your driver license ...........................................................1.15
Renewing your driver license ...........................................................1.15
Expired license ..........................................................................................1.15
Losing your driving privileges ...........................................................1.15
Alcohol, drugs, and firearms violations ......................................1.15
Driving under the influence (DUI) ..................................................1.15
Open container law ................................................................................1.15
Additional Services ...........................................................1.16
Change of address or name .............................................................1.16
Voter registration.......................................................................................1.16
Selective service registration ...........................................................1.16
Twin registry .................................................................................................1.16
2 | Vehicles
Vehicle Services ................................................................2.0
Certificate of ownership (Title) ........................................................2.0
Registration...................................................................................................2.0
Vehicle address .........................................................................................2.0
Report of sale .....................................................................2.1
Individual to individual ..........................................................................2.1
Dealership to individual ........................................................................2.1
Vehicle license plates .....................................................2.2
Insurance required ............................................................2.3
Know your vehicle .............................................................2.4
Functions .......................................................................................................2.4
Adjustments .................................................................................................2.4
Vehicle safety technology...................................................................2.4
Vehicle Maintenance .......................................................2.5
Tires ...................................................................................................................2.5
Glass surfaces.............................................................................................2.5
Headlights .....................................................................................................2.5
Brake lights ...................................................................................................2.5
Turn signals .................................................................................................2.5
Hand signals ................................................................................................2.5
Hazard warning lights.............................................................................2.5
Driver’s seat ..................................................................................................2.5
Occupant Protection ........................................................2.6
Seat belts and occupant protection ............................................2.6
Child seats.....................................................................................................2.6
Airbags .............................................................................................................2.6
Steering ...............................................................................2.7
Hand-to-hand steering (Pull/Push) ..............................................2.7
Hand-over-hand steering ..................................................................2.7
One-hand steering .................................................................................2.7
Braking .................................................................................2.8
Braking pressure .......................................................................................2.8
Antilock braking systems .....................................................................2.8
Accelerating ......................................................................2.9
Balanced weight ...............................................................2.10
Pitch ..................................................................................................................2.10
Roll ......................................................................................................................2.10
Yaw......................................................................................................................2.10
Vehicle reference points .................................................2.11
Your blind zones.................................................................2.12
Other vehicles' blind zones ............................................2.13
Observational scans ...............................................................................2.13
Before you go ....................................................................2.14
3 | Drivers
You Behind the Wheel................................................. 3.0
Health ...............................................................................................................3.0
Physical health ...........................................................................................3.0
Vision ................................................................................................................3.0
Seeing at night ...........................................................................................3.0
Hearing ............................................................................................................3.0
Impaired Driving ........................................................... 3.1
Alcohol and driving ................................................................................3.1
Cannabis and driving .............................................................................3.1
Medications and driving ......................................................................3.1
Polydrug use and driving ....................................................................3.1
Fatigue and drowsy driving ................................................................3.1
Mental health ..............................................................................................3.1
Aggressive driving....................................................................................3.1
Racing and street demonstrations ................................................3.1
Road rage ......................................................................................................3.1
If you are experiencing road rage ..................................................3.1
If you are the victim of road rage ...................................................3.1
Reporting road rage................................................................................3.1
Informed Decisions on the road ................................ 3.2
Why informed decisions matter ......................................................3.2
Make good decisions .............................................................................3.2
Problem Solving on the Road .................................... 3.3
Avoiding Distracted Driving ....................................... 3.4
Washington’s distracted driving laws ..........................................3.4
Smart Drivers ................................................................ 3.5
Pay attention ................................................................................................3.5
Visually search and scan .....................................................................3.5
Respect and responsibility ......................................... 3.6
Traffic advisories ........................................................................................3.6
Litter...................................................................................................................3.6
The environment.......................................................................................3.6
Self-evaluation ..........................................................................................3.6
4 | Roads
Awareness and cooperation ...................................... 4.0
Sharing with people .................................................... 4.1
Sharing with school buses ......................................... 4.2
When you are behind the bus .........................................................4.2
When you are in front of the bus ...................................................4.2
Sharing with transit buses .......................................... 4.3
Sharing with large vehicles ........................................ 4.4
Snowplows ....................................................................................................4.4
Sharing with motorcycles .......................................... 4.5
Following ........................................................................................................4.5
Lanes.................................................................................................................4.5
Turning.............................................................................................................4.5
Road surface................................................................................................4.5
Lights ................................................................................................................4.5
Sharing with bicyclists ................................................ 4.6
General guidance ....................................................................................4.6
Passing a bicyclist ...................................................................................4.6
Bike lanes .......................................................................................................4.6
Sharing the road with trains ....................................... 4.7
Important safety reminders ................................................................4.7
When to call For help .............................................................................4.7
Light Rail .........................................................................................................4.7
Sharing with agricultural vehicles ............................ 4.8
Sharing with emergency vehicles ............................ 4.9
Rules of the road
Traffic laws .................................................................... 4.10
General driving guidance ..................................................................4.10
Traffic control devices ...........................................................................4.10
Broken lights or signals .........................................................................4.10
Traffic light signals....................................................... 4.11
Freeway ramp meters.............................................................................4.11
Signs ............................................................................... 4.12
Common signs ...........................................................................................4.12
Work Zone signs ........................................................................................4.12
Service Signs ...............................................................................................4.12
Recreation signs........................................................................................4.12
Destination signs.......................................................................................4.12
Other traffic signs ....................................................................................4.12
Common intersections................................................ 4.13
Turning ........................................................................... 4.14
U-turns.............................................................................................................4.14
Other intersections ..................................................... 4.15
Roundabouts ...............................................................................................4.15
Diverging diamonds ................................................................................4.15
Uncontrolled Intersection .................................................................4.15
Road markings .............................................................. 4.16
Lanes.................................................................................................................4.16
HOV / carpool .............................................................................................4.16
Reversible lanes.........................................................................................4.16
Reserved lanes...........................................................................................4.16
Toll lanes .........................................................................................................4.16
Other road markings ...............................................................................4.16
Zones .............................................................................. 4.17
School zone ..................................................................................................4.17
Work zone ......................................................................................................4.17
Emergency zone........................................................................................4.17
Parking ........................................................................... 4.18
General parking rules ............................................................................4.18
Perpendicular and angled parking ...............................................4.18
Parallel parking ...........................................................................................4.18
Parking on a hill ..........................................................................................4.18
Reserved disabled parking ................................................................4.18
Electric vehicle charging station parking .................................4.18
Transporting.................................................................. 4.19
Towing ..............................................................................................................4.19
Secure your load .......................................................................................4.19
Animals ............................................................................................................4.19
Maritime......................................................................... 4.20
Ferries...............................................................................................................4.20
Beaches ..........................................................................................................4.20
5 | Risks
Dangers of driving........................................................ 5.0
Risk awareness ...........................................................................................5.0
Hazard perception ...................................................................................5.0
Situational awareness ............................................................................5.0
Hazard management .............................................................................5.0
Speed ............................................................................. 5.1
Excessive speeds .....................................................................................5.1
Speed limits ..................................................................................................5.1
Adjusting speed for conditions .......................................................5.1
Space ............................................................................. 5.2
Merging.......................................................................... 5.3
Zipper merging ...........................................................................................5.3
Time ................................................................................ 5.4
Count seconds ...........................................................................................5.4
Turning in front of approaching vehicles ..................................5.4
Focus .............................................................................. 5.5
Attention .........................................................................................................5.5
Field of vision...............................................................................................5.5
Path of travel ................................................................................................5.5
Line of sight ..................................................................................................5.5
Information gathering ............................................................................5.5
Road and driving conditions ...................................... 5.6
Night driving.................................................................................................5.6
Curves ............................................................................................................5.6
Slippery roads .............................................................................................5.6
Skidding ..........................................................................................................5.6
Hydroplaning ...............................................................................................5.6
Vehicle failures ............................................................. 5.7
Tires ...................................................................................................................5.7
Power ................................................................................................................5.7
Headlight........................................................................................................5.7
Accelerator....................................................................................................5.7
Communicating risks ................................................... 5.8
Collisions ....................................................................... 5.9
Crashing a vehicle ...................................................................................5.9
Reporting a crash .....................................................................................5.9
Reporting an injury ..................................................................................5.9
Calling 911 ......................................................................................................5.9
Encountering power lines .................................................................5.9
Witnessing a crash .................................................................................5.9
Emergency kit .............................................................................................5.9
Law enforcement ........................................................ 5.10
Getting pulled over .................................................................................5.10
Getting a ticket...........................................................................................5.10
Resources
Conclusion
Glossary
Accessibility and Accommodations
Disclaimer
We are Washington
This guide reflects shared Washingtonian values:
• We take care of ourselves and others by following the rules
of the road.
• We look out for vulnerable road users.
• We are attentive, intentional, and level-headed behind
the wheel.
• We want everyone to get where they’re going safely.
CONTENTS
The Washington State Department of Licensing (DOL) produces
the official Washington State Driver Guide. This guide refers to
many Washington laws and provides safety advice that might
not be in the laws. All information is as accurate as possible at
the time of publication. However, the guide might not reflect
the most recent changes made by the Washington Legislature.
You can find the most current version of this guide on the
DOL website: dol.wa.gov.
EQUITY FOR ALL CUSTOMERS
The Department of Licensing (DOL) is committed to building
a culture of belonging through our values: diversity, equity,
inclusion, trust, and respect. Wherever possible, we provide
equitable access and eliminate barriers for our customers. We
provide reasonable accommodations upon request to those
customers who need them to access our facilities and services.
We offer language services to customers whose primary
language is not English. DOL is dedicated to Pro-Equity Anti-
Racism (PEAR). The agency has a robust and active PEAR team
of community partners, employees, and leaders collaborating
to create a service environment responsive to community input.
For more information about accommodations and accessibility
please see the final page of the guide.
CONTACT INFORMATION | DOL.WA.GOV
Driver licensing
customer service:
360-902-3900
Vehicle licensing
customer service:
360-902-3770
Facebook.com/WashingtonDOL
Instagram.com/wa_licensing
LinkedIn.com/company/Washington-
state-department-of-licensing
Threads.net/@wa_licensing
X.com/WA_DOL
Youtube.com/WALicensing
CHAPTER 1
Licenses
1.0 | DECIDING TO DRIVE
Becoming a driver is both a privilege and a responsibility. It’s
something that will stay with you for most of your life. Take time
to develop your driving knowledge and skills. They will help you
form healthy habits and set a foundation for a lifetime of driving.
1.1 | ASSIGNED WA NUMBER (WDL NUMBER)
All Washington licenses, permits, and ID cards have an assigned
Washington number. This number is specific to you. It often
starts with the letters WDL.
1.2 | LICENSE EXPRESS
If you do not have a WDL number, you can get one at a driver
licensing office or by creating a new customer account on
License Express. License Express is the secure website where
you can access many of DOL’s services. The License Express
link can be found on the dol.wa.gov homepage. Sign up with a
username and password that is easy for you to remember. New
drivers need to set up their own account. You can’t get services
for yourself by using someone else’s account. The account
must belong to you.
In License Express, you can:
• Make an appointment at a driver licensing office.
• Pre-apply for an instruction permit.
• Schedule your Driving Skills Exam.
• Renew your driver license.
• Manage your vehicle tabs.
• Update your address.
If you don’t remember your WDL number or have questions
about your License Express account, call DOL driver licensing
customer service at 360-902-3900.
1.3 | LICENSING AND VEHICLE OFFICES
Staff at driver licensing offices can help you get your driver
license or ID card. Visit a vehicle licensing office for help related
to vehicle licensing and registration. Be sure to contact the
appropriate office for the service you need.
1.4 | WASHINGTON STATE RESIDENTS
You are a Washington resident if any of the following are true:
• You maintain a residence in Washington for personal use.
• You are registered to vote in Washington.
• You use a Washington address for federal or state taxes.
• You receive benefits under one of Washington’s public
assistance programs.
• You are attending school in this state and paying tuition as
a Washington resident or are a custodial parent with a child
attending a public school in this state.
• You live in a motor home or vessel not permanently attached
to any property, previously lived in Washington, and
don’t have a permanent residence in any other state.
1.5 | NEW RESIDENTS
NEW RESIDENTS 18+ YEARS OLD
New residents who are licensed in
another state have 30 days to obtain
a Washington State driver license. If
your out-of-state license is expired,
you’ll need to pass both the Driving
Knowledge Exam and Driving Skills Exam
before getting a Washington license.
Some licenses can transfer without you
having to retake the exams. Search driver
training and testing on dol.wa.gov for
exam information that relates to your
specific situation.
NEW RESIDENTS: 16 TO 17 YEARS OLD
If you’re under 18 and have your license from another state,
you’ll need to apply for a Washington Intermediate Driver
License. The DOL will need to approve your out-of-state driver
education and verify you had your instruction permit for at least
6 months. If you have questions about transferring your driver
training coursework to Washington, please email the driver
training school program at tse@dol.wa.gov.
YOUR IDENTITY
To get an instruction permit, driver license, or identification card,
you’ll need to provide documentation that proves your identity.
• Search identification requirements brochure on
dol.wa.gov to see what documents you need.
• Bring original copies of all necessary documents with you to
the driver licensing office.
SERVICES
• First-time Washington driver
license or ID card, including
enhanced
• Out-of-state transfers
• Driver license, permit or ID
card renewals
• Driver record
• Reinstatement letters
• Document review
for proof of
identity
HELP FOR THE UNHOUSED
If you are experiencing homelessness, you’re eligible for a no-
cost ID or a reduced-fee ID. People receiving public assistance
might also be eligible for an ID card at a reduced cost. To
get help, contact your local Department of Social and Health
Services (DSHS) community services office. Go to dshs.wa.gov
and use the office locator to find local services.
1.6 | IDENTIFICATION AND DRIVER LICENSES
Identification
Operating a motor vehicle (driver license only)
Domestic air travel
International air travel
International border crossing by land or sea
Access to federal facilities
Meets REAL ID standards
1.6 | IDENTIFICATION AND DRIVER LICENSES
Identification
Operating a motor vehicle (driver license only)
Domestic air travel
International air travel
International border crossing by land or sea
(Canada, Mexico, Caribbean)
Access to federal facilities
Meets REAL ID standards
1.7 | REAL ID
REAL ID is a law, not an actual piece of ID.
An enhanced driver license or ID is among several options
that meet REAL ID requirements. Standard driver licenses will
no longer be an acceptable form of identification for airport
security checkpoints, U.S. border crossings, or accessing secure
federal buildings.
Visit REALIDwa.com to view informational videos, take a quiz to
determine which ID you need, and learn more about REAL ID.
1.8 | GETTING A PERSONAL DRIVER LICENSE
INSTRUCTION PERMIT
Before applying for an instruction permit, you need to have a
WDL number.
If you are enrolling in a driver training course
You can apply for your permit as early as 15 years old. Apply at a
driver licensing office or online 1 to 10 days before your course
starts. Be prepared to give your WDL number to your driving
school for record keeping.
If you are not enrolling in a driver training course
You can take the knowledge exam after you turn 15½. Once
you pass, you’ll get your permit. However, you need to wait until
you’re 18 to take the skills exam and get your license.
Your permit is valid for 1 year (can be renewed for a fee). Your
knowledge exam score is valid for 2 years. If you wait too long
to take your skills exam, you may have to take the knowledge
exam again.
There are a variety of IDs, licenses, and endorsements for
Washington residents.
GETTING YOUR PERSONAL DRIVER LICENSE:
AGES 16 TO 17
To get your first driver license, you must:
• Have your instruction permit for at least 6 months.
• Be at least 16 years old and a Washington resident.
• Complete a traffic safety course at an approved driver
training school.
• Ensure a traffic safety course completed in another state
meets Washington’s minimum requirement (30 hours of
classroom and 6 hours of behind-the-wheel instruction).
• Pass both the Driving Knowledge Exam and Driving Skills
Exam.
• Complete at least 40 hours of day driving and 10 hours of
night driving with a licensed driver who has 3 or more years
of experience. (Parents, guardians, or responsible adults
must attest to this.)
• Be without any traffic violations or convictions for 6 months
prior to applying for the license.
• Have no alcohol or drug offenses while driving with your
instruction permit.
• Decide if you’d like to register as an organ, eye, and
tissue donor.
To get your license in person you’ll need to:
• Make an appointment at a driver licensing office. You can
do this through License Express or by calling DOL licensing
customer service at 360-902-3900.
• Bring your parent or guardian with you to the licensing office
to sign the parental authorization form. This form gives you
permission to apply, certifies you have at least 50 hours of
driving experience, and confirms you haven’t had any traffic
infractions or violations in the last 6 months. Your parent or
guardian must show proof of identity and their relationship
to you. If your last names are different, bring documents that
show your relationship.
• Wait for your driver training school to enter your course
completion and exam scores. Your driver training school
has 24 hours to enter your scores in the system once
you’ve passed each exam. If your driver training school has
permanently closed and you need assistance, email the
driver training school program at tse@dol.wa.gov.
• Provide your Social Security number or sign a declaration if
you don’t have one.
• Show proof of identity.
• Pass a vision screening.
• Have your photo taken.
• Pay any licensing fees.
Before leaving the office, you’ll receive a temporary
license that is good for 45 days. Your official license will
be mailed to you.
To get your license online you’ll need to:
• Have a Washington photo instruction permit.
• Get permission from your parent or guardian.
• Ensure your driver training school has entered your course
completion and exam scores.
• Pay any licensing fees.
• Print the receipt. (This is your temporary license. It won’t
include your photo, so it’s not valid for identification.)
Your official license will have the same photo as your instruction
permit or Washington ID card.
GETTING YOUR PERSONAL DRIVER LICENSE:
AGES 18+
If you are 18 or over, you have four options for getting your first
Washington driver license. You can:
1. Transfer your license from another state.
2. Pass the knowledge and skills exams.
3. Pass the knowledge exam, get a permit, practice driving with
a licensed driver who has 5 or more years of experience, and
then pass the skills exam.
4. Get an exam waiver to get your permit, take a driver training
course, then pass the knowledge and skills exams after you
complete the course.
INTERMEDIATE DRIVER LICENSE
Washington teens ages 16 and 17 move through two restricted
phases of licensing before being granted an unrestricted driver
license: 1) the instruction permit and 2) the intermediate driver
license. Driving with an intermediate driver license means you
have to follow the laws below.
Restrictions
From Issue Date
to 6 Months
From 6 months to
age 18 or one year
(whichever comes first)
Passengers No passengers
under age 20
except immediate
family members
No more than
3 passengers under
age 20 except immediate
family members
Hours of
driving
No driving
between 1 a.m.
and 5 a.m. unless
accompanied by a
parent, guardian, or
licensed driver at
least age 25
Nighttime restrictions
expire after one year of
safe driving
Intermediate license laws also restrict the use of cell phones
and wireless communication devices while you’re driving, even
with hands-free technology. You can only use your phone to
report an emergency.
The penalties for traffic violations and at-fault collisions are
listed below.
Violation Penalty
1st Current restrictions apply until you’re 18.
2nd License is suspended for 6 months or until
you turn 18, whichever comes first.
3rd License is suspended until you’re 18.
Exceptions
• Agricultural purposes. Intermediate driver license holders
may drive at any hour, with passengers, for agricultural
purposes.
• One year of safe driving. Intermediate driver license
holders may drive at any hour, with passengers, if they
haven’t been involved in a crash or committed a traffic
offense.
You don’t need to get a new license when you turn 18.
Intermediate driver license restrictions are automatically lifted.
You can wait until you renew your license to get an updated
physical copy of your driver license.
AGRICULTURAL PERMITS
Agricultural permits allow drivers under 18 years old to drive
within a specific area for farm work. There’s no minimum age
requirement for a juvenile agricultural permit.
An agricultural permit isn’t a substitution for an instruction
permit. You still have to get an instruction permit and meet
all driving practice requirements before you can get your
first driver license. An agricultural permit doesn’t waive the
requirements for getting your first Washington driver license.
EARLY WARNING LETTERS
The DOL sends letters to all drivers ages 18 to 21 who receive
their first moving violation. A driver’s chances of crashing
doubles after receiving their first violation. Parents and
guardians of intermediate driver license holders receive similar
letters after violations or crashes. The goal of the letter is to
help young drivers realize the risks associated with continued
violations and reduce repeat offenses.
1.9 | HEALTH
VISION SCREENINGS
DOL will check your vision before issuing your license. If you use
corrective glasses or contact lenses, this will be recorded on
your license.
• Remember to always wear your glasses or contacts while
driving.
• Have your eyes checked regularly by an eye doctor.
ORGAN DONOR
When you get your license, you’ll be asked if you want to
become an organ donor. If you choose to, the donor heart
symbol will appear on your license, and your information will
be given to the donor registry.
Contact LifeCenter Northwest at lcnw.org
or visit the registry website,
donatelifetoday.com, for more information.
MEDICAL DESIGNATIONS
You have the option to add or remove disability and medical
designations on your driver license or ID card. In an emergency,
these designations give first responders information about how
you communicate or inform them you have conditions that
could impact a health emergency.
You can add one or more of the designations below to your
record.
Developmental
disability
Deaf or hard of
hearing
Medical alert
1.10 | ENDORSEMENTS
To drive motorcycles or commercial motor vehicles, you need
to get an additional endorsement added to your personal
driver license. More information can be found by searching
endorsement at dol.wa.gov and scrolling to the type you want.
1.11 | OLDER DRIVERS
Decisions about your driving ability shouldn’t be based on age
alone. However, changes in vision, physical fitness, and reflexes
could cause safety concerns. By accurately assessing
age-related changes, you can change your driving habits to
remain safe on the road or choose other kinds of transportation.
If you’ve noticed changes in your vision, physical fitness,
attention, or ability to quickly react to sudden changes, it’s
important to understand how these changes might be affecting
your ability to drive safely. Driving Safely While Aging Gracefully
is a resource developed by the USAA Educational Foundation,
the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and AARP. It
can help you recognize warning signs and provide useful tips on
what you can do to remain a safe driver. To download the guide,
go to nhtsa.gov and search driving safely in the search bar at
the top of the home page.
1.12 | PERSONAL DRIVER LICENSE EXAMS
TWO EXAMS
Before you can be a licensed driver, you have to pass
two exams.
The Driving Knowledge Exam
• The Driving Knowledge Exam assesses your understanding
of Washington’s rules of the road.
• You must first pass the knowledge exam before you can take
the Driving Skills Exam.
• After you pass the knowledge exam, you have two years to
complete the skills exam.
The Driving Skills Exam
• The Driving Skills Exam assesses your ability to apply
Washington’s rules of the road.
• You and the examiner are the only people allowed in the
vehicle during the exam. We make exceptions for service
animals and sign language interpreters.
• A legally licensed and registered vehicle must be used for
the driving exam. The vehicle needs to have proof of current
liability insurance (showing the policy holder’s name or the
vehicle’s description) and be in safe operating condition.
Brake lights, signal lights, and seat belts must work. Your
examiner will verify all requirements before the exam begins.
TAKING THE EXAMS
There are two ways you can take your driver license exams.
• Find a driver training school exam location by searching
approved driver training school at dol.wa.gov.
• Schedule an appointment at a driver licensing office in
License Express.
1.13 | DRIVER TRAINING EDUCATION
Driver training schools approved to offer courses for new drivers
under 18 will have classroom instruction and behind-the-
wheel training from a licensed instructor.
School options include private driver training schools and
select school districts. A map of approved schools and their
services can be found by searching driver training school at
dol.wa.gov.
OVER 18
Drivers over 18 who haven’t completed a driver training course
face an increased crash risk. To address this, some driver
training schools also offer adult traffic safety courses for new
drivers over the age of 18. You can take these classes as a
novice driver, as someone new to the United States, or as a
refresher. Proper training and skill review is good for any age.
•
1.14 | FOR GUARDIANS OF NEW DRIVERS
Experienced driving mentors can be a great resource for
new drivers. Modeling safe driving behaviors and clear
communication are two ways mentors can get involved in a
young driver’s learning.
Driver training courses for students under age 18 are required
to offer a parent orientation class. Attending these sessions will
familiarize mentors with the program and further explain the
40 hours of daylight and 10 hours of night driving requirement.
Additional resources can be found by searching teen safe
driving agreement at dol.wa.gov.
1.15 | MAINTAINING YOUR LICENSE
REPLACING YOUR DRIVER LICENSE
If your license is lost, stolen, destroyed, or illegible, you can
apply for a replacement online at dol.wa.gov. You can also
request a duplicate in person at any driver licensing office.
RENEWING YOUR DRIVER LICENSE
• Your expiration date can be found near the bottom of your
license. You can renew your license up to one year before it
expires.
• Renew online through License Express, or at a driver
licensing office.
EXPIRED LICENSE
• If you renew your license after it has expired, you might need
to pay an additional fee.
• If your license is 8 or more years expired, you’ll need to
retake the skills and knowledge exams.
LOSING YOUR DRIVING PRIVILEGES
Driving is a big responsibility. You should drive safely at all times.
Drivers can lose driving privileges for several reasons, including
the ones listed below.
• Violating intermediate license restrictions
• Being a minor in possession of alcohol, drugs, or firearms
• Having an accumulation of moving violations
• Driving with a suspended or revoked license
• Running from law enforcement
• Driving under the influence
• Racing or driving recklessly
• Putting a construction or emergency worker in danger
• Accumulating unresolved traffic citations
• Committing vehicular assault, vehicular homicide, or hit and
run
• Committing a felony involving a motor vehicle
• Driving without insurance
• Failing a competency evaluation
For more information, search license suspensions at
dol.wa.gov.
ALCOHOL, DRUGS, AND FIREARMS VIOLATIONS
Minors who receive an alcohol, drug, or firearm offense run the
risk of delaying their license until they are 17.
When you are eligible to get your driver license back, you must
take the driving knowledge and skills exams (even if you’ve
already taken them). You’ll also need to pay a reissue fee in
addition to the usual testing and licensing fees. If you’re under
18 years old, you’ll also need to have the consent of a parent or
guardian.
DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE (DUI)
In Washington, it is illegal to drive
under the influence of alcohol or drugs
(RCW 46.61.502). Driving under the
influence has life-threatening and legal
consequences.
DUI also applies to being in control
of a vehicle, even if it’s parked
(RCW 46.61.503). If you have the ability
to take control of a vehicle’s engine
or operation, you are considered in
physical control of the vehicle.
Under The Implied Consent Law
(RCW 46.20.308), everyone who drives in Washington agrees
to be tested if an officer suspects they are under the influence
of alcohol or drugs.
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)
A BAC test measures how much alcohol is in your system. For
drivers age 21 and older, having a BAC of .08% or higher is
considered a DUI and can result in legal consequences. Drivers
under age 21 have the same potential consequences for having
a BAC of 0.02%.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Cannabis Concentration
A THC test measures how much THC is in your system. For
drivers age 21 and older, having more than 5 nanograms of
active THC per milliliter of blood in their system is considered a
DUI and can result in legal consequences. Drivers under age 21
have the same potential consequences for anything more than
0 nanograms of active THC per milliliter of blood in their system.
If you refuse to be tested, you could lose your driving privilege
for 90 to 730 days, or until you reach age 21, whichever is longer.
The length of time of your suspension depends on many factors,
including how many violations you’ve committed.
Adults (21 and over) Minors (under 21)
BAC of 0.08% or more
THC of 5.00 ng or more
BAC of 0.02% or more
THC above 0.00 ng
Even experienced drivers cannot drive safely after
drinking alcohol and/or using drugs. Save lives by
making the choice to never drive under the influence!
Alcohol- and drug-related offenses appear on your driving
record for life. If you are arrested for driving under the influence,
the penalties are severe: loss of license, heavy fines, criminal
penalties, jail, and higher insurance rates.
Convictions can also include a combination of the following:
• Driving privileges suspended for 90 days to 4 years
• Probationary license
• Ignition interlock device to drive vehicle
• Required proof of financial responsibility
• Alcohol assessment and treatment report
• Reapply for license, retake knowledge and skills tests, and
pay the reissue fee
OPEN CONTAINER LAW
Under the open container law, it is a traffic infraction if any
person in a vehicle on the road:
• Drinks alcohol or consumes cannabis.
• Possesses alcohol containers or cannabis products that
have been opened, have a broken seal, or are partially
consumed.
• Hides alcohol or cannabis in unlabeled or mislabeled
containers.
Open alcohol and cannabis products can only be transported
in a trunk or truck bed. Alcohol or cannabis containers cannot
be kept in storage compartments accessible to the driver.
1.16 | ADDITIONAL SERVICES
CHANGE OF ADDRESS OR NAME
If your address changes, update your information in License
Express within 10 days of the change. Name changes must be
made in a driver licensing office.
VOTER REGISTRATION
You can register to vote on the Secretary of State website,
sos.wa.gov, or when you get your license at a driver licensing
office. Residents who are 16 and 17 years old can opt to pre-
register to vote when applying for a driver license or ID card.
SELECTIVE SERVICE REGISTRATION
You can register with the United States Selective Service
System when applying for a license or ID card. There is more
information available on the Washington State Office of the
Attorney General website: atg.wa.gov.
TWIN REGISTRY
When you apply for your license, you’ll be asked if you are a
twin. The Washington State Twin Registry is for twins interested
in participating in research studies. Universities might contact
people who identify as a twin with the Department of Licensing.
If you have questions, please visit wstwinregistry.org.
EVERGREEN STATE
YEAR
TAB TAB
MONTH
WASHINGTON
CHAPTER 2
Vehicles
2.0 | VEHICLE SERVICES
As a licensed driver, you need to follow the rules of the road.
You also need to understand the requirements of the vehicle
you’re driving. Many services needed to maintain your vehicle
can be found in License Express. The link to License Express
can be found in the top right corner of the dol.wa.gov home
page. (The direct address is secure.dol.wa.gov/home.) You
can also visit a vehicle licensing office to conduct business in
person.
CERTIFICATE OF OWNERSHIP (TITLE)
The Department of Licensing will issue a Certificate of
Ownership (also known as the title) for most vehicles. The title
shows the registered and legal owner(s) of the vehicle, the
Vehicle Identification Number (VIN), and bank information (if
there is a loan). This is an important document! Keep it in a safe
place but not in the vehicle.
REGISTRATION
All vehicles must be registered with the Department of
Licensing. Before you can register a vehicle in Washington, you
need to have a driver license (unless you are exempt by law).
Customers who claim an exemption can complete a Vehicle
Registration Driver License Exemption form. New residents
have 30 days to complete their vehicle registration. Vehicles
purchased in another state should be registered in Washington
immediately.
To register your vehicle, you’ll need:
• Current Certificate of Ownership (title).
(If you lose your vehicle’s title, ask the state where it was
issued for a replacement.)
• Washington driver license for all registered owners.
A new registration document will be given each year when you
renew your tabs. Sign each new registration and keep it in your
vehicle.
VEHICLE ADDRESS
Changing your address on your driver license does not change
your vehicle address. You can change your address online
through License Express or in person at a vehicle licensing
office.
2.1 | REPORT OF SALE
INDIVIDUAL TO INDIVIDUAL
If you sell, trade, gift, or dispose of your vehicle, file a Vehicle
Report of Sale form within 5 days. Remove the license plates
from the vehicle, pay the fee, and file your report of sale at a
vehicle licensing office, or search report of sale at dol.wa.gov.
A report of sale does not transfer ownership. When selling a
vehicle, the title must be signed and dated by the owner(s) and
given to the purchaser. The purchaser must bring the signed
title to a licensing office to transfer ownership within 15 days to
avoid penalty fees.
DEALERSHIP TO INDIVIDUAL
If the vehicle is sold by a dealer, the dealership might file a
report of sale on your behalf, but it's not required to. It’s in your
best interest to file the report of sale yourself.
2.2 | VEHICLE LICENSE PLATES
License plates must be clearly displayed on the front and rear
of motor vehicles registered in Washington. They must be clean
and easy to read. You can have a license plate frame, but it's
illegal to cover the letters, numbers, or tabs on the plate.
2.3 | INSURANCE REQUIRED
You must keep proof of insurance with you or in your vehicle.
Washington State requires you to have and carry proof of liability
insurance. It should provide the following:
• $25,000 or more, payable for the bodily injury or death
of one person in a collision in which only one person was
injured or killed
• $50,000 or more, payable for the bodily injury or death of
two or more persons in any one collision
• $10,000 or more, payable for injury to or destruction of
property of others in any one collision
2.4 | KNOW YOUR VEHICLE
Each vehicle has its own set of characteristics. They differ
in size, engine, safety devices, accessories, technology, and
handling characteristics. It’s important to read the manual for
every vehicle you drive. Take time to familiarize yourself with the
basic vehicle components.
FUNCTIONS
From the moment you get in a vehicle, you can tell if it has an
automatic or manual transmission. Operating each one requires
familiarity and practice. Read the owner’s manual to understand
the systems, devices, gauges, and instruments unique to the
vehicle. Familiarize yourself with your vehicle’s mechanics
before you drive, so your focus can be on the road.
ADJUSTMENTS
Every time you get into a vehicle, you’ll need to make
adjustments to meet your safety, control, and comfort needs.
Adjust the steering wheel, seat, and mirrors so you have
good visibility. You should be able to reach the pedals and
instruments easily.
VEHICLE SAFETY TECHNOLOGY
Innovation and advancement in the vehicle industry has led
to the development of safety systems that help reduce the
negative outcomes of human error and unsafe behavior. Vehicle
Safety Technology (VST) and Advanced Driver Assistance
Systems (ADAS) reduce the impact of crashes by trying to
prevent them from happening. They can give you advanced or
additional warnings that improve your response time. They are
meant to assist your already-healthy driving habits, not replace
them. You are still fully responsible for the operation of your
vehicle.
Even with VST and ADAS, you still need to use your hazard
awareness skills and knowledge of the rules of the road
because these systems do have limitations. For example,
these systems can alert you if there is a vehicle in your blind
spot; however, they can’t detect if there is a vehicle two lanes
over that is also preparing to merge. Also, your vehicle’s
detection technologies might not recognize the presence of
people walking, rolling, or riding near your vehicle. It is your
responsibility to yield according to state law. Additionally,
sensors can get dirty or road markings can fade, making it
difficult for the technology to function properly.
It’s important you are familiar with the features and technologies
of any vehicle you drive. Leave them on unless weather
conditions are so severe that the notifications become a
distraction. Ensure you can use these features effectively.
To learn more about the safety technologies your vehicle
has, read your vehicle manual, ask a car dealership, or visit
mycardoeswhat.org.
Here are some key components and features of VST and ADAS:
1. Collision avoidance systems. Detects obstacles and
provides warnings to prevent collisions. These include
features like automatic emergency braking (AEB), forward
collision warning, and lane departure warning.
2. Adaptive cruise control (ACC). Maintains a set speed
but adjusts it based on the distance to the vehicle in front,
ensuring a safe following distance. ACC enhances comfort
during long drives by reducing the need for constant
speed adjustments.
3. Lane keeping assistance. Monitors lane markings and
provides steering input or alerts if the vehicle drifts out of
its lane. This feature also enhances safety by preventing
unintended lane departures.
4. Blind spot detection. Uses sensors to monitor the
vehicle’s blind spots and alerts the driver if there’s a
vehicle in the adjacent lane. This feature also aims to
reduce the risk of collisions during lane changes.
5. Parking assistance. Utilizes sensors and cameras to help
with parking by providing visual and/or auditory guidance.
This can include features like automatic parallel parking.
6. Traffic sign recognition. Uses cameras to identify and
interpret traffic signs, displaying relevant information to
the driver. This feature assists in maintaining awareness of
speed limits and other road regulations.
7. Driver monitoring systems. Monitors the driver’s
behavior and alerts them if signs of drowsiness or
distraction are detected. This feature enhances safety by
promoting driver attentiveness.
8. Cross traffic alert. Warns drivers of approaching traffic
from the side, such as when backing out of parking
spaces. This feature reduces the risk of collisions in
situations with limited visibility.
9. Automatic high beam control. Adjusts headlight
brightness based on oncoming traffic and surrounding
conditions. This feature enhances visibility without causing
discomfort to other drivers.
10. Collision mitigation systems. Minimizes the impact if a
collision is unavoidable. This component goes beyond
collision avoidance and can include features like
pre-crash seatbelt tensioning and post-collision braking.
Technology can assist you, but it doesn't take the place of
focused driving. You’ll need to be familiar with the VST and
ADAS features of any vehicle you drive but still be able to rely
on your intentional driving habits.
2.5 | VEHICLE MAINTENANCE
Making sure your vehicle is safe to drive is your responsibility.
It doesn’t take long for a small problem to turn into a bigger
(more expensive, more dangerous) one, so pay attention to
your vehicle’s warnings. Consult your vehicle owner’s manual
for suggested routine maintenance, and take action if your
indicator lights turn on.
TIRES
Tire
tread
Worn tires can cause slipping and sliding,
especially if the road is wet. Tire tread shouldn't be
less than 2/32 of an inch.
Tire
pressure
Low tire pressure can affect your car handling and
speed.
The proper inflation pressure for your tires can be
found on the Tire and Loading Information label
on the driver’s side door edge or in your owner’s
manual.
GLASS SURFACES
• Keep the windshield and windows clean — inside and
outside.
• Keep your window washer fluid full.
• Completely clear snow, ice, or frost from all windows before
driving.
• Don't hang things from your mirror or clutter your windows
with decals or items that block your view.
• Follow your vehicle manufacturer’s recommendations for
replacing your wipers.
PRO
TIP!
If you are stopping
or slowing down at a
place where the person
behind you might not
expect it, tap your
brake pedal three or
four times quickly to
alert them.
HEADLIGHTS
Washington law says you need to have your headlights on a half hour
after sunset to a half hour before sunrise. However, it might be easier
to remember to have your headlights on:
• All the time.
• When it’s dark.
• When it’s rainy, snowy, foggy, or smoky.
Headlights help you see, but they also help people see you!
Some vehicles have daytime running lights that come on when
you start the car. However, daytime running lights aren’t as
bright as headlights, and they don’t activate your taillights.
Make sure all lights are clean, bright, pointing the right
direction, and operating properly. If your dashboard shows a
“lamp out” symbol, it’s time to replace the bulbs.
You can use your high beams on open roads without streetlights, but
remember to switch back to regular headlights when you are:
• 500 feet in front of an oncoming vehicle.
• 300 feet when you’re behind.
BRAKE LIGHTS
Brake lights tell the person behind you to slow down and
prepare to stop. Your brake lights are red and must be clearly
visible from 100 feet away.
If your brake lights aren't working, use hand signals. Put your left
arm out the driver-side window, and point your fingers to the
ground. This will tell the vehicle behind you to slow down and
prepare to stop.
TURN SIGNALS
Create a habit of always signaling before you change direction, even
when you don’t see anyone else around.
• Signal 100 feet before you make your move.
• Make sure your signal stops blinking after you make the turn.
HAND SIGNALS
If one or both signals aren't working, use hand signals to let
other drivers know what you’re doing.
Stop
Put your left arm out the driver-side window. Point your fingers
to the ground. This will tell the person behind you to slow down
and prepare to stop.
Left turn
Put your left arm out the window. Point your fingers straight out
to the left.
Right turn
Put your left arm out the window. Bend your arm so your fingers
point to the sky.
HAZARD WARNING LIGHTS
If your car malfunctions or you need to make an emergency
stop, turn on your flashing hazard lights. This alerts other drivers
of your situation and allows them to safely go around you.
DRIVER’S SEAT
• Adjust your seat so you can see clearly out of the windshield
and easily reach the pedals.
• Adjust the back of your seat so you are sitting comfortably
straight. Your chest should be at least 10 inches from the
steering wheel to leave space for the airbag.
• Adjust the steering wheel so you can grip the wheel with a
gentle bend in your elbow.
• Protect yourself from whiplash by making sure the headrest
is even with your ears.
Anytime you get behind the wheel after someone else has been
driving, make adjustments that keep you comfortable and safe.
2.6 | OCCUPANT PROTECTION
SEAT BELTS AND OCCUPANT PROTECTION
Buckling up correctly is the most effective thing you can do
to protect yourself. Wearing your seat belt dramatically drops
your risk of fatal injury in a crash. Always fasten your seat belt
and make sure all passengers are using seat belts, child safety
restraints, or booster seats correctly.
Your seat belt should go across
the middle of your chest. Never
put it behind your back or under
your arm. The shoulder belt should
lie snug across the shoulder and
chest, and not cross the neck or
face. The lap belt should securely
and snugly restrain the hips, below
the stomach.
Every person in a moving vehicle
must wear a seat belt or be
securely fastened into an approved
child restraint device.
It is illegal to drive or ride in a vehicle without
wearing a seat belt or using child safety restraints.
RCW 46.61.687 and RCW 46.61.688
Be sure your seat belt is not twisted, the lap belt rests on your
upper thigh, and the cross-body strap falls across your mid-
shoulder. Your knees should bend at the edge of the seat, your
feet should touch the floor, and your headrest should be in line
with your ears.
CHILD SEATS
Protect child passengers by using
the correct seat for their age and
size every time you (or others) travel
with a child.
Child restraint systems must comply
with Federal Motor Vehicle Safety
Standards and be secured in the
vehicle according to vehicle and
child restraint system manufacturer
instructions.
You can have a certified child passenger safety technician
check the installation of your child restraint system.
Find more information and safety check locations at
wacarseats.com.
A child should remain in each stage of restraint as long as the
seat allows for the best protection.
Rear-facing
Children up to age 2 must ride in a
rear-facing car seat.
Age: Birth - 2 years
Forward-facing
Ages 2 to 4 years must ride in a car
seat with a rear- or forward-facing
harness.
Age: 2 to 4 years
Booster
Ages 4 and older must ride in a car
or booster seat until the vehicle lap
and shoulder seat belts fit properly—
typically, between the ages of 8 and
12 years of age.
Age and size: 4 years to 4’9”
Seat belt
All occupants old and tall enough to
wear a seat belt must have a properly
fitting belt.
Size: Over 4’9”
AIRBAGS
Airbags and seat belts work together to keep you safe in the
event of a crash. If you are not wearing your seat belt when
an airbag deploys, you risk serious injury or death. Airbags are
also why children under the age of 13 should never ride in the
front seat. They could be seriously injured or killed if an airbag
deploys.
2.7 | STEERING
Place your hands outside the wheel, on the top half of the
steering wheel. This will give you the best control.
Imagine that the steering wheel
is a clock. Each hour represents a
location for you to hold the wheel. In
the image above, the driver’s hands
are at 9:00 and 3:00.
There are three turning methods that can provide smooth,
continuous steering control.
HAND-TO-HAND STEERING (PULL/PUSH)
When using this method, your
hands should be at 9 and 3 or
10 and 2.
Keep your hands in this
position when you turn.
In this image, the driver is
pulling with their left hand, and
pushing with their right.
Since your hands never cross
over the steering wheel, there
is less chance of an injury to
the face, hands, or arms if the
air bag deploys.
Your hands never leave the
wheel and each hand stays on
its own side. One hand grips
the wheel and steers. The
other hand slides and remains
opposite of the steering hand.
Hand-to-hand technique
keeps both hands on the
wheel, allows you to instantly
make necessary changes, and
keeps your arms away from the
airbag area.
HAND-OVER-HAND STEERING
Use this method of steering
when turning at low speeds,
with limited visibility, at an
intersection, when parking
the vehicle, or when
recovering from a skid.
When using this method,
your hands should start at
9 and 3 or 10 and 2.
When turning, reach one arm
across the other to grasp the
wheel, and pull the wheel as
appropriate.
Release the hand
underneath so that you can
reposition it on the wheel.
Straighten the steering
wheel as you smoothly
complete the turn.
ONE-HAND STEERING
Use one-hand steering when
backing or operating vehicle
controls (wipers, flashers,
lights, etc.) that require you
to reach from the steering
wheel.
The placement of one hand
on the steering wheel is
critical to vehicle balance
and controlled steering
when in reverse.
The 12 position is recommended only when backing a vehicle.
In this situation, turn your body to see the path of travel
behind you.
2.8 | BRAKING
Good vehicle handling depends on your ability to accurately
and smoothly manage speed and space at all times.
BRAKING PRESSURE
Determining the amount of braking pressure you need is an
important skill. It will develop as you practice and get more
familiar with the vehicle you drive. There are four levels of
braking:
1. Light
2. Medium
3. Firm
4. Emergency
Ideally, you’ll only need to use light and medium braking, but
you can always use firm or emergency braking if you need to. As
a braking technique, imagine having a cup of water in your lap
that you don’t want to spill.
Keep the people behind you in mind, also. Unnecessary firm or
emergency braking could surprise the people behind you who
were anticipating a smooth stop.
ANTILOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS
A vehicle’s Antilock Brake System (ABS) offers an important
safety advantage by allowing drivers to steer during an
emergency braking situation. An ABS does not shorten your
stopping distance, but it will allow you to keep better steering
control. When engaged, you can feel your vehicle shake a bit.
Practice firm or emergency braking in a large, open, and paved
space. Hit the brakes hard, and feel the ABS keep the wheels
from locking up.
2.9 | ACCELERATING
To drive smoothly, you’ll want to be familiar and comfortable
with different levels of acceleration. There could be times
you’re in stop-and-go traffic where the only acceleration you
need is to release the brake pedal. There could be times you’ll
need to accelerate quickly to avoid a hazard. Your accelerating
technique should be like braking — imagine there’s a cup of
water in your lap, and accelerate without spilling the water.
2.10 | BALANCED WEIGHT
It’s natural for your vehicle’s balance to shift a bit when it starts
to move. To maintain stability of your vehicle, keep the weight
evenly balanced across the tires. Regular maintenance, correct
tire pressure, and alignment checks will help you do this.
PITCH
Lay your hand flat on a table. Lift your fingers and feel the
increased pressure on your wrist. Now put your fingers on the
table and lift your wrist. This forward and backward motion is
called pitch (shown here with arrows).
When you accelerate, the weight of the vehicle shifts to the
back and increases pressure on the rear of the vehicle. If you
stop abruptly, the weight shifts forward, increasing pressure on
the front of the vehicle.
ROLL
Lay your hand flat on a table. Rotate your hand so your little
finger is stuck to the table, but your thumbnail is pointed toward
the sky. Now reverse so your thumb is on the table. This side-to-
side motion of a vehicle is called roll (shown above with arrows).
When you make a left turn, centrifugal force transfers the weight
down on the outside or right side of your vehicle. The body of
the vehicle rolls to one side.
YAW
Keep your hand flat on a table. Move your fingers to the left and
let your wrist move to the right. Now wiggle it back and forth like
you’re waving at the table. This is called yaw (shown above with
arrows).
When you turn the steering wheel sharply from side to side,
the front and back of your car don’t stay perfectly lined up. The
front wheels turn in the direction you’re steering, while the back
might slide a bit, creating a zig-zag motion.
2.11 | VEHICLE REFERENCE POINTS
Reference points depend on the vehicle you’re driving and
the road you’re traveling. Familiarity with your vehicle reference
points will help you judge distance when you park, turn, back,
and stop.
Examples of vehicle reference points:
• Left headlight
• Center of hood
• Side view mirrors
• Rear bumper
At an intersection, stopping when the stop line is under your
side mirror means you are about 3 to 6 inches from the line. This
reference point will help you determine the position of the front
end of your vehicle.
To determine your lane position, check that the center of
your hood is in line with lane markings. If they're in line, you're
approximately 3 to 6 inches from the edge of the lane.
2.12 | YOUR BLIND ZONES
Blind zones are the areas around a vehicle you can’t see from
the driver’s seat. These areas are dangerous because they can
hide another vehicle, motorcyclist, or bicyclist completely. It's
your responsibility to be aware of everything in your blind zones.
One way you can reduce your blind zone is by adjusting your mirrors.
1. Adjust your rearview mirror so you can see out the back
window without having to stretch.
2. There are a couple methods to adjust your side mirrors
to minimize your blind zones: traditional or enhanced.
Either way, you need to do a full visual search of the space
around your vehicle. Move your head, neck, and body so
that both eyes can see if your blind zones are clear. Note:
When turning your head to look, keep the steering wheel
straight.
3. Some vehicle safety technology systems have features
that alert you if there is someone in your blind zone. This
assistance is helpful, but make a habit of using your eyes
to check for yourself.
2.13 | OTHER VEHICLES' BLIND ZONES
To stay aware of
your surroundings,
regularly check:
1. The area in front of
you
2. Your rearview mirror
3+4. Your side mirrors
5+6. Over your
shoulder
OBSERVATIONAL SCANS
You also need to be aware of other vehicles’ blind zones. Do
your best to stay out of them. You can speed up or slow down
so the driver can clearly see you.
Pay special attention to large vehicles like buses, motor homes,
and commercial motor vehicles. They have bigger blind zones,
sometimes called “no zones.” This is because there should be
no vehicles traveling in that zone.
Be thoughtful and alert traveling around large vehicles.
Remember: if you can’t see their mirrors, the driver can’t
see you.
Optimize
Adjust your mirrors
to eliminate as
much of your blind
zones as possible.
Recheck your
mirrors every time
you get behind the
wheel.Stay Alert
You need to be
aware of everything
going on around
you. Constantly
check your mirrors
for any changes
to your driving
situation.
2.14 | BEFORE YOU GO
When you're getting ready to drive, a good routine is to:
1. Check outside your vehicle. Are there foreign objects in
the tires, broken glass in the area, or fluid leaks under the
vehicle? Are there other obstructions, children, pets, or
weather-related obstacles?
2. Check inside your vehicle. Are there any warnings on the
instrument panel? Are all windows clear of obstructions?
Are loose items safely secured?
3. Check all internal adjustments. Are your mirrors set? Are
the seat and steering wheel in the right place? Is your seat
belt buckled? Is your phone silenced and put away?
4. Check in with yourself. Do you feel healthy and
clearheaded? Are you ready to focus your attention on
driving? Are your emotions under control so that you can
make wise choices behind the wheel?
dol.wa.gov
CHAPTER 3
Drivers3
3.0 | YOU BEHIND THE WHEEL
As a driver, you are part of a community that includes a variety
of vehicles, roads, and people. The harmony of this community
relies on drivers interacting with their environment and each
other safely and responsibly. There are a lot of personal factors
that influence your driving, but most people have the same
goal: to get where they are going safely.
To be a good driver, you need to be:
1. Mindful of yourself, others, and your impact on the
community.
2. Responsible for the rules of the road.
3. Familiar with how your vehicle works and takes up space.
4. Patient and levelheaded.
Your long-term success as a driver will depend on the habits
you create as you learn. Be intentional when you practice.
Develop smart and safe habits, like always looking over your
shoulder to check your blind zones, that will become automatic.
This will allow you to focus more on the ever-changing driving
environment. It can feel overwhelming at first, but the more
experience you have behind the wheel, the better driver
you’ll be.
HEALTH
Driving requires you to be physically and mentally fit.
Daily stressors can easily impact your health. A bad cold can
slow your mental processes and cause body soreness. A
headache or tension in your shoulders could reduce your ability
to handle the vehicle. Stress can impact your ability to make
wise decisions behind the wheel. Many health conditions can
impact your driving. Talk to your doctor if you’re concerned
about conditions that might affect your driving ability.
Before starting the engine, take a moment to check in
with yourself. Are you healthy in a way that supports wise
decision-making, self-control, and situational awareness? Take
a few deep breaths and concentrate on driving. If you’re not
feeling well but need to go somewhere, please let someone
else drive.
PHYSICAL HEALTH
Your physical health is a priority. It directly impacts your ability to
be a safe and effective driver. Before getting behind the wheel,
ensure you’re in good health and not impaired by alcohol or
other drugs.
VISION
Good vision is so important for safe driving that the law requires
you to pass a vision test before you get your driver license. If
you can’t see clearly, you will have trouble identifying traffic
hazards and responding to problems. Seeing well is important
to safe driving.
If you are required to wear corrective lenses:
• Always wear them when driving.
• Avoid using dark or tinted corrective lenses at night.
Important aspects of vision are:
• Peripheral vision. You can spot vehicles and other
potential trouble out of the corner of your eye while you’re
still looking ahead.
• Judging distance and speed. Being able to see well helps
you determine how far away you are from other vehicles,
pedestrians, and other hazards.
SEEING AT NIGHT
While driving in the dark, some drivers are bothered by the
glare from oncoming headlights. If you have problems seeing
at night, don’t drive more than is necessary, and be very careful
when you do.
• Make sure your headlights are on.
• Avoid the glare of oncoming lights by watching the right
edge of the road and using it as a steering guide.
• Ensure headlights are properly aimed. Misaimed headlights
could make it difficult for other drivers to see and will reduce
your ability to see the road.
• Reduce your speed and increase your following distances.
You should be able to stop inside the lit area created by
your headlights.
HEARING
The sound of horns, sirens, or screeching tires can provide
direction or warn you of danger. Like eyesight, hearing problems
can progress slowly, so they’re often difficult to detect. Drivers
who are deaf or hard of hearing can often adjust by learning to
rely more on vision and staying more alert.
It is against the law to drive a vehicle while wearing earbuds,
earphones, headphones, or headsets that broadcast sound or
cancel noise.
You can use a hands-free device in one ear if it complies with
Washington Administrative Code statute 204-10-045.
Remember: If you have an instruction permit or intermediate
license, you cannot use a cell phone or any mobile electronic
device while driving, even if it is hands-free.
3.1 | IMPAIRED DRIVING
Impaired driving happens when anything makes it hard for
you to think straight, respond quickly, or control your car. This
includes things like alcohol, drugs, or being tired. All of these
can put you, your passengers, and others on the road at risk.
The penalties for impaired driving under the influence of
alcohol or drugs are very tough: expensive fines, higher
insurance rates, license suspension or withdrawal, and even jail
sentences.
Even an experienced driver cannot drive safely after drinking
alcohol or using drugs. Making the choice to never drive under
the influence will save lives: yours and others’.
ALCOHOL AND DRIVING
Alcohol is the most common impairing substance involved in
impaired driving crashes. Be alert for impaired driving behavior
of others and give them lots of room.
Alcohol can affect drivers by causing:
• Feelings of relaxation and drowsiness.
• Blurry vision or limited eyesight.
• Reduced reaction times, concentration, and ability to scan
the environment.
• Difficulty in understanding what’s happening.
• Difficulty doing multiple tasks at once, like staying in a lane
and avoiding other traffic.
• Inability to obey the rules of the road.
• Overconfidence, which can lead to risky driving behavior.
Please:
• Do not drive any vehicle if you have consumed impairing
substances.
• Do not ride with a driver who has had any kind or amount of
impairing substances.
• Do not let friends or family drive if they have been drinking
alcohol or using drugs.
• Plan for a sober driver.
CANNABIS AND DRIVING
Recreational use of marijuana, THC, and other cannabis
products (edibles, patches, vapes, tinctures, and topicals) is
legal for those 21 years or over, but driving after consuming any
cannabis is illegal for all ages.
There is no safe amount of cannabis for driving.
Research shows that cannabis can impair drivers in a variety of
ways:
• Reduced attention, reaction time, and coordination
• Decreased car handling
• Slower reaction times
• Inability to judge distances
• Increased drowsiness
• Loss of motor coordination
• Impaired mental and physical functions
MEDICATIONS AND DRIVING
There’s more than one way to be under the influence.
Impaired driving is generally associated with alcohol, cannabis,
or illegal drug use. However, many legally obtained and
commonly used over-the-counter and prescription drugs can
impact a user’s ability to drive safely.
• Just because a drug is legal does not mean it is safe to use
while driving.
• Impaired driving is a criminal behavior. It doesn’t matter if
the drug is prescribed, obtained over-the-counter, bought
in a retail setting, or considered an illicit substance.
Over-the-counter drugs taken for headaches, colds, or allergies
can make a person drowsy, which could affect your driving. Like
alcohol, prescription drugs can affect your reflexes, judgment,
vision, and alertness.
Do not drive if you just started taking prescription drugs for the
first time, started taking a new prescription medicine, or started
taking a higher dose of a current drug. Wait until you know what
effect it has on your judgment, coordination, and reaction time.
Talk to your doctor or pharmacist. Read all warning labels before
driving. Warnings against “operating heavy machinery” include
driving a vehicle.
Some medications might not impact you on their own, but if
taken with a second medication or alcohol, they could cause
severe impairment. Many drugs multiply the effects of alcohol
or have other side effects. Read the warnings on your medicine
or talk to your pharmacist before you drink and use medicine at
the same time.
POLYDRUG USE AND DRIVING
Polydrug use is the mixing or taking of more than one type of
drug. Mixing alcohol, cannabis, or other drugs can produce
effects greater than any drug on its own. It can include alcohol,
cannabis, illegal drugs, prescription drugs, over-the-counter
medicines, and other substances such as nonregulated drugs
and inhalants. Polydrug use is the most common impairment
involved in fatal crashes.
Effects of polydrug use vary from person to person and depend
on the drug’s quantity, frequency of use, and how they’re taken.
Polydrug use can lead to increased probability of overdose,
mental health troubles, risky behavior, serious injuries, and
crashes.
FATIGUE AND DROWSY DRIVING
Fatigue is caused by physical or mental strain, repetitive tasks,
illness, or lack of sleep. Like alcohol and drugs, fatigue impairs
your vision and judgment.
Drowsy driving affects your alertness, attention, reaction time,
judgment, and decision-making capabilities. When you drive
fatigued, you risk falling asleep behind the wheel and causing a
crash involving injuries or fatalities.
Here are some signs of fatigue. Pull over and rest if you are:
• Having difficulty focusing, or you can’t remember driving the
last few miles.
• Blinking frequently or have heavy eyelids.
• Having trouble keeping your head up.
• Missing exits or traffic signs.
• Feeling restless, irritable, or aggressive.
• Drifting from your lane, swerving, tailgating, and/or hitting
rumble strips.
If you’re traveling with another driver, take turns driving. If you’re
traveling alone and start to feel tired, pull off the road and take a
20-minute nap. It’s better to stop and sleep than to risk causing
an accident.
Before a trip:
• Get adequate sleep — most people need 7 to 9 hours to
stay alert.
• Plan to stop about every 100 miles or 2 hours during
long trips.
• Walk around, get some fresh air, and drink some water. Plan
your trip with plenty of time for breaks.
• Arrange for a travel companion to help you stay alert, watch
for trouble, and share the driving.
MENTAL HEALTH
Emotions can affect your driving. You make better decisions
when you understand how your feelings affect your behavior.
For example, if you’re feeling anxious when you’re driving, you
might be preoccupied and allow your foot to be too heavy on
the accelerator. How you’re feeling (anxious) is changing your
behavior (driving faster).
Below are a few techniques to calm down and relieve stress
before getting on the road. You can do them while sitting in a
parked car.
1. Breathe in through your nose, and exhale like you’re
trying to cool hot soup.
2. Count slowly from 1 to 20, or backward from 100 by three
(100, 97, 94, 91, 88…). Concentrate only on the numbers to
quiet everything else in your head.
3. Allow plenty of time for your trip. Choose to be patient
with yourself and others.
Emotional awareness encourages patience and respect for
others on the road and cultivates safer driving behavior.
AGGRESSIVE DRIVING
Aggressive driving is a traffic offense.
Aggressive driving is when a driver purposely does something
that endangers people or property.
The following behaviors are considered aggressive driving:
• Actions taken while driving that risk harming other people or
property.
• Intentional actions that require another person to protect
themselves.
Behaviors associated with aggressive driving include:
• Speeding.
• Following too close.
• Making unsafe lane changes.
• Using improper signaling.
• Failing to obey traffic control devices.
• Driving too close to someone walking or cycling along
the road.
Concentrate on what you’re doing. Try not to take aggressive
driving personally. Be patient and forgiving of other road users.
RACING AND STREET DEMONSTRATIONS
Because street racing and unauthorized street demonstrations
are so dangerous, penalties are severe. They can apply to
drivers and anyone else who instigates or assists with street
racing activities. Guilty participants can face fines, jail time, and
risk having their vehicle impounded.
ROAD RAGE
Road rage is a criminal offense.
Road rage is an angry response to something that happened
on the road that leads to violent behavior with a vehicle or
other weapon. Road rage can happen between the driver or
passenger of one vehicle toward another driver, passenger, or
person using the road.
Many things can contribute to road rage, including stress, tight
schedules, traffic, or non-driving frustrations. Give yourself
plenty of time to travel, create safe space margins around your
vehicle, and try to show grace to other people.
IF YOU ARE EXPERIENCING ROAD RAGE
You might be having feelings of road rage if you are:
• Having thoughts of strong disapproval or violence toward
other people on the road.
• Verbally disapproving of other people on the road to
passengers in your vehicle.
• Not obeying traffic safety laws because you don’t agree with
them.
• Following too close.
• Speeding.
• Weaving in and out of traffic.
• Speeding up to beat a traffic light.
• Cutting between vehicles to change lanes.
• Using your vehicle horn excessively.
• Flashing headlights excessively at oncoming traffic.
• Braking to stop the driver behind you from following
too closely.
• Passing traffic and then slowing down to teach the other
driver a lesson.
IF YOU ARE THE VICTIM OF ROAD RAGE
When you see other drivers around you acting or reacting
in anger, distance yourself from the situation physically and
mentally.
• Take a deep breath and move out of the way.
• Avoid aggressive speeding, honking, or hand gestures.
• Keep your eyes on the road.
• Drive to an area where there are other people and open
businesses if you feel you’re being followed or harassed by
another driver. Call the police if necessary.
REPORTING ROAD RAGE
Report in-progress road rage incidents immediately by
calling 911.
Reducing incidents of road rage and aggressive driving is
critical to the mission of the Washington State Patrol. While
troopers and other law enforcement agencies are always on the
lookout for aggressive driving, steps to improve traffic safety in
Washington are made when residents act.
If you have witnessed or been a victim of an aggressive driving
act, please call 911 and provide the following information:
• Location vehicles were last seen
• Plate number (if known)
• Direction of travel (toward where)
• Road or highway
• Colors of the vehicles
• Weapons involved (if applicable)
• Summary of what happened
• Role in incident (victim or witness)
3.2 | INFORMED DECISIONS ON THE ROAD
Being a safe and responsible driver requires more than knowing
the rules of the road. It involves making informed decisions in
every situation you encounter while driving. Whether you realize
it or not, you make thousands of decisions every day. Some of
the most important ones you make will be when you’re behind
the wheel.
WHY INFORMED DECISIONS MATTER
Every action you take behind the wheel is a decision, from
changing lanes to merging onto a highway. Making informed
decisions means considering all the factors involved before
acting. This leads to smoother, safer driving for yourself and
others. Informed decisions can:
1. Increase awareness. Making informed decisions
requires constant analysis of your surroundings. This
improves your overall situational awareness.
2. Promote responsible driving. Understanding the
consequences of your choices encourages responsible
behavior. It also shows respect for other road users.
3. Reduce crashes. Anticipating potential problems will
help you reduce the risk of collisions.
Informed decisions are impacted by your:
• Knowledge of traffic laws.
• Experience with safe driving practices.
• Capabilities based on age and brain development.
Teen drivers need to remember the part of their brain
responsible for judgment and decision making is still
developing. This means teens can be more prone to taking risks
or miscalculating situations. All drivers need to prioritize safety-
focused decisions over speed and social pressures. This is
especially true for teens.
Older drivers want to be aware that physical and mental
capabilities change with age. Older drivers can be more
susceptible to serious injuries in vehicle crashes, but many
remain safe and competent drivers well into their later years.
Regardless of age or experience, all drivers must commit to
staying focused and engaged every time they are behind
the wheel.
MAKE GOOD DECISIONS
Good decisions are informed decisions. To make good
decisions, you must be aware of what’s going on around you.
1. Inform yourself with mirror checks. Be aware of the whole
situation, including people around you who might be
affected by your decisions. Inform others of what you
intend to do so they become aware of your intentions and
can prepare for them.
2. Prepare the vehicle so you arrive at the hazard in the right
road position and at the right speed.
3. Do a final check before maneuvering.
This approach can be applied to any situation that requires
you to make a change. You should always aim to be aware,
predictable, and smooth.
3.3 | PROBLEM SOLVING ON THE ROAD
Unexpected situations are inevitable and responding to these
situations requires problem solving. It’s likely that solving
problems on the road will require you to make thoughtful
changes like:
• Modifying your speed.
• Adjusting your lane position to reduce risk and
avoid hazards.
• Changing your direction or path-of-travel to get to a safe
place to reassess the situation.
Try not to surprise other people on the road. Communicate your
intentions to other drivers to avoid creating any problems.
You can use a variety of tools to make proactive decisions while
reacting to your environment. One tool is the OODA Loop. It’s a
loop because every situation leads to another.
1. Observe. Observe the situation. What changed? Is there
a car swerving, a sudden obstacle, or a change in traffic
flow?
2. Orient. Use your knowledge and experience to
understand what that change means. How does it
affect your safety and the safety of others? What are the
potential risks if you don’t change? What opportunities
present themselves if you do?
3. Decide. Based on your observations and understanding,
choose the safest course of action. Should you slow
down, change lanes, or signal your intentions?
4. Act. Smoothly and decisively execute your chosen
action. Remember, clear communication is crucial for
others to understand your intentions.
As you build experience, you will be able to navigate the OODA
loop with ease. However, there are many variables when you’re
driving. You will always need to stay alert and ready.
3.4 | AVOIDING DISTRACTED DRIVING
Distracted driving is a serious concern posing risks for everyone
on or near the road. It disrupts the awareness, judgment, and
skill needed to drive safely. Distractions inside and outside
the vehicle can affect your ability to react and navigate
appropriately.
Distractions come in all shapes and sizes:
• Inside the vehicle. Cell phones, eating, adjusting the radio,
and interacting with passengers.
• Outside the vehicle. Billboards, crashes, and other
people’s behaviors.
• Physical distractions. Fatigue, discomfort, and physical
impairments.
• Mental distractions. Daydreaming, worrying, and strong
emotions.
Distracted drivers are more prone to:
• Swerving out of their lane.
• Speeding or driving too slowly.
• Failing to see traffic signals, stop signs, motorcyclists,
bicyclists, or pedestrians.
• Following too closely to other vehicles or cyclists in the lane.
Strategies to avoid distractions:
• Plan ahead.
• Put your phone away.
• Be observant.
By keeping your full attention on the road, you can:
• React faster.
• Make better decisions.
• Improve situational awareness.
• Reduce stress and fatigue.
WASHINGTON’S DISTRACTED DRIVING LAWS
Distracted driving is any activity that takes a person’s attention
away from the primary task of driving. All distractions endanger
the driver, passengers, and others who share the road,
including pedestrians.
Washington State has strict laws against distracted driving.
You cannot hold any electronic device while driving (like cell
phones, tablets, or gaming devices). This applies to all drivers,
regardless of age or experience. Using hands-free devices is
permitted, but anything that takes your eyes and mind off the
road can still be dangerous. The notifications, bright lights, and
visual cues of your phone are all significant distractions. Take a
moment to recognize how distractions impact your driving.
A law enforcement officer can issue you a ticket for violating
the distracted driving law. This might result in heavy fines. Fines
after your first violation can be doubled.
Driving is a huge responsibility. Please choose to focus on
the road and become part of the solution to end distracted
driving. It might seem like “everybody does it” but studies show
that’s not true. Your decision will keep you and others safe.
3.5 | SMART DRIVERS
Smart drivers are:
• Aware of what’s happening inside and outside the vehicle.
• Able to control their vehicle gas, brake, steering, and
position.
• Predictable to others with signaling and smooth
movements.
• Thoughtful with their decision making.
• Intentional when learning and using driving skills.
PAY ATTENTION
When you’re a new driver, the number of things you must pay
attention to feels overwhelming: your vehicle, rules of the road,
hazards, other vehicles, signs, road markings, pedestrians,
bicyclists… Smart drivers find a way to balance their attention.
• Switching attention. When you quickly switch your focus
from one thing to another.
• Divided attention. When you’re performing several things
at the same time.
• Focused attention. When your whole brain concentrates
on one task.
• Sustained attention. When you need to pay attention for a
long time.
Things you can do to help you pay attention:
• Eliminate distractions inside your vehicle.
• Be well-rested.
• Put away and silence your electronics.
• Limit the number of passengers and pets in your vehicle.
• Resist multitasking behind the wheel.
VISUALLY SEARCH AND SCAN
Visual searching means using your eyes to actively check your
surroundings. Scanning involves also moving your head, neck,
and body so that you can see as much as possible around your
vehicle. Searching and scanning help your attention skills be
aware of the always-changing environment around you: in and
outside your vehicle. It’s how you gather information so you can
make wise decisions.
Constant visual searching supports your ability to drive safely.
Make sure you are traveling at a speed that supports your ability
to search and scan effectively.
Scan to the front
To avoid last-minute braking or the need to turn or swerve
suddenly, look ahead for:
• Traffic situations you’ll need to steer around and blockages
that might hide a pedestrian, bicyclist, or another vehicle.
• Feet, wheels, shadows, and movement in, under, and around
parked vehicles.
• What’s happening beyond the vehicle in front of you.
Looking ahead allows you to anticipate potential situations and
prepares you to stop or change directions if needed.
Scan to the side
• When approaching intersections, pay close attention to
vehicles, pedestrians, and cyclists approaching from the left
and right.
• Watch for pedestrians and cyclists who might be crossing
the road.
• When foliage or other objects obscure your view to the
sides, watch for movement to identify potential hazards and
people who could be planning to cross the road.
• Before turning, check your side mirrors and do an over-
shoulder check for bicyclists or pedestrians who might be
alongside you or about to cross the street.
Scan behind
Besides watching traffic in front of and beside you, check
traffic behind you. It is essential to look for vehicles and cyclists
behind you when you change lanes, turn across a bicycle lane,
slow down, back up, or are driving down a long or steep hill.
Check more often when traffic is heavy. If you know someone is
following too closely or coming up too fast, you will have time to
do something about it (change lanes, tap on the brakes, speed
up, or slow down).
3.6 | RESPECT AND RESPONSIBILITY
Identify and commit yourself to safe, respectful, and responsible
driver behavior.
• Ensure all people in the vehicle use safety restraints.
• Be fit to drive.
• Show empathy toward others.
• Respect other road users’ space.
• Avoid conflict regardless of fault.
• Take care of the road environment.
TRAFFIC ADVISORIES
Traffic advisories are notifications or alerts given to drivers
about current or upcoming traffic conditions, incidents, or road
closures. These advisories come from transportation officials,
traffic management centers, or navigation apps.
Find traffic advisories that will help you make informed
decisions about your travel routes. This can help you avoid
potential delays or hazards. Traffic advisories are provided in
many ways, including electronic road signs, social media, radio
broadcasts, traffic websites, and mobile apps.
LITTER
Litter isn’t just ugly. It also creates safety hazards for people
using the roads. Litter on roads can cause accidents.
Flammable or inflamed litter can spark wildfires, damaging
the environment and potentially causing fatalities. This is
why fines for littering in Washington are so severe. You and
your passengers are responsible for securing items you’re
transporting and properly throwing away trash.
Washington State law sets minimum fines for littering and illegal
dumping. Many cities and counties have local ordinances that
differ from state law. Contact your local police department,
sheriff’s office, city, or county clerk for information on local litter
enforcement and to find out what laws apply in your area.
THE ENVIRONMENT
How you drive impacts the environment
When you leave your car running while parked, especially in
a garage, it can release harmful gases like carbon monoxide,
which can be lethal. Idling your engine also adds pollution to
the air.
By making these small changes, you can help lower vehicle
emissions:
• Turn off your engine if you’re parked for a while.
• Drive smoothly instead of speeding or braking hard, which
uses more fuel.
• Keep your tires properly inflated for better gas mileage.
• Carpool or use public transport when possible to reduce the
number of cars on the road.
What you drive impacts the environment
Most vehicle manufacturers have made efforts to reduce
carbon footprints through lower emissions, fuel efficiency, and
safety features designed to improve traffic flow. Opting to plan
efficient routes and carpool with other people supports these
efforts (in addition to having economic benefits). Washington’s
Clean Car Law requires vehicles made in 2009 and later to
meet strict clean air standards before they can be registered,
licensed, or sold.
If you need to dispose of a vehicle or vehicle parts, contact
a vehicle disposal recycling center to help you do this in an
environmentally conscious way.
SELF-EVALUATION
Self-evaluation is a quick, easy, and important part of being a
responsible driver. It can be done during or after the drive. Ask
yourself the following questions:
• Did anything surprise me?
• Did I surprise anyone?
• Was my driving legal, proficient, and smooth?
• What changes do I need to make for next time?
Regularly reviewing your driving skills at the end of each drive
not only helps you improve your abilities but also helps you
maintain your skills once they are developed. Skills deteriorate
over time, so regularly evaluating keeps you driving at your best.
To keep your skills fresh, identify:
• Factors that contribute to changes in your driving skills.
• Changes in driving practices.
• Changes in traffic laws.
• Changes and advancements in vehicle technology.
• Opportunities for lifelong learning related to driving.
CHAPTER 4
roads
CHAPTER 4
roads4
4.0 | AWARENESS AND COOPERATION
Think of all the reasons people use Washington roadways: to
visit family, to take sick kids to the doctor, or to get home after
a difficult day at work. Washington roads are used by people
just like you, and the road system relies on the cooperation and
shared understanding of the people who use it. You expect
others to know and follow the rules of the road. They expect the
same of you.
Sometimes roads can be confusing. For example, they could
be under construction or crowded with vehicles, trucks,
motorcycles, bicyclists, and pedestrians. There are moments
that might require you to be more patient and thoughtful. You
might find it easier to navigate the road if you remember life can
be hard and most people are doing their best.
The key is courtesy, respect, and awareness of others. Your care
and consideration could save someone or yourself from serious
injury or death.
4.1 | SHARING WITH PEOPLE
Always yield to pedestrians.
Pedestrians and bicyclists have the right-of-way at crosswalks
and intersections whether the road is marked or not.
• Wait until a pedestrian has cleared your lane and one
additional lane before proceeding. If the pedestrian is using
a wheelchair, cane, guide dog, or other service animal,
wait until they have completely crossed the street before
continuing.
• Don’t drive into oncoming traffic to pass a pedestrian or
bicyclist.
Look for people who:
• Can’t see you, such as people behind buildings or cars,
pedestrians with their back to you, and people wearing hats
or using umbrellas.
• Are distracted, such as children, delivery persons, road
workers, and pedestrians on their phone or wearing
headphones.
• Might be confused, such as tourists and people following
a map or looking for a new location.
• Are using a wheelchair, cane, or service animal. It’s
unlawful to interfere with a service animal. Don’t honk. It
could confuse or frighten the animal or pedestrian.
4.2 | SHARING WITH SCHOOL BUSES
The loading and unloading of a school bus is a
potentially dangerous situation.
School-aged children are not always predictable or aware of
danger. Make sure you’re thoughtful and cautious of children
as they get on and off the school bus. Be patient and follow the
speed limit and the school bus signals.
School bus lights are like traffic signals: Red means stop, and
yellow means caution or slow down.
DID
YOU
KNOW?
Fines are doubled
for anyone who
passes a stopped
school bus.
WHEN YOU ARE BEHIND THE BUS
It’s unlawful to pass when red lights flash.
Never pass a school bus with flashing lights. The lights and sign
tell you that children are near and getting on/off the bus.
• All drivers traveling in the same direction as the bus must
stop when the red lights flash, and the stop sign is extended.
• Don’t use a center turn lane to pass a school bus. Drivers in
all turn lanes must stop.
• You may go after the lights stop flashing, the sign is
retracted, and the metal arm returns to the front bumper of
the bus.
• Continue to watch for children even after the red lights have
stopped flashing.
WHEN YOU ARE IN FRONT OF THE BUS
On a 2-lane road
All vehicles must stop when the red lights flash and the
stop sign extends. You can resume traveling in the opposite
direction when the lights stop flashing, the sign is retracted, and
the metal arm returns to the front bumper of the bus.
On a multilane road
• Drivers traveling behind the bus must stop when the red
lights flash and the stop sign extends.
• Drivers traveling in the opposite direction as the bus don’t
need to stop when the red lights flash or the stop sign
extends IF:
○ There are three or more lanes.
○ Lanes are separated by a median or barrier.
4.3 | SHARING WITH TRANSIT BUSES
Yield to any transit vehicle traveling in the same direction as you
that has signaled and is pulling back onto the roadway.
4.4 | SHARING WITH LARGE VEHICLES
Safely sharing the road with large trucks and buses requires
knowledge of their special limitations. You need more time
and space when driving around large vehicles. When you are
near large vehicles on the road, pay special attention to the
following:
Visibility. When following large vehicles, adjust your following
distance so you have a wide view of the roadway ahead.
Blind zones. If you are near a large vehicle and can’t see the
driver’s mirrors, the driver can’t see you. There are blind zones
on each side of large vehicles where the driver cannot see you.
Avoid driving alongside large vehicles for too long.
Stopping. Large vehicles can’t stop as quickly as smaller
vehicles. It takes a loaded truck with properly adjusted brakes,
traveling at 55 mph, 450 feet to come to a complete stop.
Cutting in front of them without enough space is dangerous
for everyone.
Merging. When entering traffic ahead of a large vehicle,
wait until you can clearly see both of their headlights in your
rearview mirror before merging in front of them. After merging,
maintain the flow of traffic to reduce impacts on other drivers.
Turning space. To avoid hitting something, large vehicles
might require more than one lane to complete a turn. They
also need 2 lanes of space in a roundabout. Don’t pass a large
vehicle when the driver is turning. This is a frequent cause of
collisions involving large vehicles. Be patient and wait until their
turn is complete before moving ahead.
Hazardous materials. As you’re driving, be aware of vehicles
with signs indicating they’re carrying hazardous materials. Avoid
driving near them when possible.
Long, steep grades. When traveling up or down steep roads,
large vehicles travel slowly. Be prepared to encounter slow
vehicles in the right lane.
SNOWPLOWS
Use caution when driving near snow removal equipment.
Snowplows can force snow up and off the road, causing
blizzard-like conditions. This can reduce visibility for drivers
following too closely.
4.5 | SHARING WITH MOTORCYCLES
Motorcyclists have the same rights and responsibilities as other
road users. They obey the same traffic laws. However, because
motorcycles are small vehicles, they’re more vulnerable and
harder to see. Make it a habit to scan for motorcycles and be
cautious around them.
FOLLOWING
Leave a lot of room to stop in front of you when you’re following
a motorcycle. You want to have enough time to safely stop in an
emergency. Weather conditions and slippery surfaces can be
serious problems for motorcyclists. Allow even more following
room when it’s raining or the road surface is slick.
LANES
Motorcyclists are constantly changing positions within their
lane, so they can see and be seen, and to avoid objects
in the road. They’re entitled to the same lane width as all
other vehicles. Never move into the same lane alongside a
motorcyclist, even if the lane is wide and the motorcyclist is
riding far to one side.
TURNING
Motorcyclists are often hidden or missed in blind zones. Do an
over-the-shoulder check to make sure your blind zone is clear.
For example, if you are turning right, look left, look right, then
look left again. Looking twice can save a life. Drivers pulling into
a lane in front of a motorcycle or turning in front of an oncoming
motorcycle might not see the motorcycle. They could also
misjudge the speed of the oncoming motorcycle.
ROAD SURFACE
Bumpy road surfaces and irregularities that don’t affect other
drivers, such as gravel, debris, pavement seams, small animals,
potholes, and even manhole covers, can force a motorcyclist
to change speed or lane position. Anticipate changes a
motorcyclist might need to make.
LIGHTS
Your lights. Give motorcyclists plenty of time to notice your
turn signals and brake lights.
Motorcyclists’ lights. When slowing down, motorcyclists might
use the throttle and not their brakes, so brake lights wouldn’t be
visible. Additionally, some motorcycles don’t have turn signals
that turn off automatically. Make sure you’re alert and paying
careful attention when driving alongside a motorcycle.
For more information about riding motorcycles, visit dol.wa.gov
and search for motorcycle operator manual.
4.6 | SHARING WITH BICYCLISTS
Bicyclists have the same rights, duties, and responsibilities as
a vehicle driver. Like motorcycles, bicycles are small and less
visible, which increases riders’ risk of being struck by a driver
and seriously injured or killed.
GENERAL GUIDANCE
• When turning a corner or pulling into a driveway, watch for
bicyclists who are in the crosswalk or on the sidewalk.
• At intersections, yield to bicyclists as you would to a vehicle.
• You cannot share a lane with a bicyclist. Legally, bicyclists
may use the full lane and ride where they’re most visible
to you and other drivers. When you’re driving behind a
bicyclist, leave at least 3 feet of space..
• Bicyclists in crosswalks are considered pedestrians. You
must yield to them in both marked and unmarked crosswalks
and intersections.
PASSING A BICYCLIST
• Don’t pass until it’s safe for you and the bicyclist.
• Move over one full lane if there are two lanes in the same
direction. If there’s only 1 lane in each direction, move into
the other lane when there isn’t any oncoming traffic. Leave
at least 3 feet between the bicyclist and the widest part of
your vehicle. (Remember the bicyclist might need to change
their position to avoid a hazard you can’t see.)
• Never cross into oncoming traffic to pass a bicyclist.
• Pass slowly on the bicyclist’s left side and never into
oncoming traffic.
• Make sure you’re clear of the bicyclist before returning to
the lane. Moving over too soon could put the bicyclist in
danger.
• Let the bicyclist clear the intersection before making a turn.
If you’re going to turn right, don’t pass a bicyclist just before
the turn.
BIKE LANES
• Watch for bicycle lanes, which are typically painted green,
use solid white lines, and are marked with a bicycle symbol.
Although bike lane markings vary in length, you should drive
as though the markings continue.
• Drive in bicycle lanes only when turning or crossing the lane
to park near the curb.
• Look carefully in all directions for a bicyclist after you park
and before opening your door.
For more information about riding bicycles, visit wsdot.wa.gov
and search for bicycling and walking.
4.7 | SHARING THE ROAD WITH TRAINS
Railroad tracks deserve careful attention.
Only drive across railroad tracks at designated crossings. Look
for safety signage, flashing lights, and crossing gates. Flashing
red lights at a railroad crossing means a train is approaching
and you need to stay outside of the gates.
Trains ALWAYS have the right-of-way. They are heavy and
cannot stop quickly even if they are traveling at low speeds. It
can take up to a mile for a train to come to a full stop.
When lights are flashing and bells are ringing at a
train crossing, you must stop — whether the gate is
down or not. Never drive around the gate.
Stop between 15 and 50 feet away from the nearest rail of a
crossing when:
• The signal is flashing.
• The crossing gate is lowering or already down.
• A flagger is giving a signal to stop.
• A train is approaching so closely as to create an immediate
hazard.
• You hear a train’s warning horn.
• A stop sign is posted.
You can go when the red lights stop flashing and all other
warning signs deactivate.
IMPORTANT SAFETY REMINDERS
Do not try to beat a train across the tracks.
As soon as the warnings have been activated: stop.
Do not stop on the tracks.
If your vehicle gets stuck at a crossing, get everyone out
immediately.
Do not disregard warning signals.
Even if you don’t see a train, trust the signals. Trains might
be closer, quieter, and moving faster than they appear.
Trains can come from either direction and run on any track.
WHEN TO CALL FOR HELP
If there is anything on or close to the
railroad tracks, call the number on the
blue and white Emergency Notification
System sign. Give the crossing ID
number to the dispatcher. Let them
know your location and the details of the
situation. No sign? Dial 911.
LIGHT RAIL
Sound Transit’s Link light rail line is a critical element of
Washington’s long-term transportation network. Here are some
guidelines for driving near rail stations and lines:
• Pay attention to all signs and road markings.
• Be alert and watch for approaching light rail trains.
• Leave at least one car length (or more) between your
vehicle and light rail trains.
• Do not stop, park, or leave your car on the tracks! Park with
plenty of room for rail trains to get around you.
4.8 | SHARING WITH AGRICULTURAL VEHICLES
Agricultural and farm vehicles designed to go 25 mph or less
will have a triangle sign or emblem on the back. When you see a
slow moving vehicle, remember to:
• Be patient and slow down.
• Give plenty of space and use caution when passing.
If you need to pass an agricultural vehicle and there are two
lanes in the same direction, move over one full lane. If there is
only one lane in each direction, look for oncoming traffic and
proceed carefully. As you pass, there should be at least 3 feet
between the widest part of your vehicle and the agricultural
vehicle.
4.9 | SHARING WITH EMERGENCY VEHICLES
Fire trucks, ambulances, and police cars using lights and/or
sirens always have the right-of-way.
As soon as you see or hear the signals, immediately pull your
vehicle to the right side of the road and stop. Wait until the
emergency vehicle has passed before signaling and reentering
traffic. You should reenter traffic in the order you were traveling
before. Wait until the emergency vehicle has passed before
signaling and reentering traffic. You should reenter traffic in the
order you were traveling before. By moving to the right, you help
emergency vehicle drivers do their job and could help save
a life!
RULES OF THE ROAD
4.10 | TRAFFIC LAWS
The rules of the road are designed to keep people safe. They
prevent traffic incidents by establishing the rules everyone
agrees to follow when they use the road. The laws exist to keep
road systems moving smoothly.
For the most part, the fundamental rules of the road stay the
same. However, traffic laws can change. You can find the most
current rules of the road by searching RCW 46.61 online. For as
long as you drive, it is your responsibility to stay informed about
the most current rules of the road.
GENERAL DRIVING GUIDANCE
As a driver in Washington state, it’s a good idea to keep this
general driving guidance in mind:
• Drive on the right side of the road. The only time you might
temporarily travel on the left is if you are safely and legally
passing another vehicle on a two-lane road.
• Keep right except to pass. When there are multiple lanes
traveling in the same direction, drive in the right lane. Use
the left lane to pass slower traffic.
• Follow speed limit laws, even when using the left lane to pass.
• Remember, carpool lanes are not passing lanes.
• Don’t use the shoulders of the road to pass. Unless directed
by officials or signs, you shouldn’t drive on the shoulder.
• Avoid blocking travel lanes. If you need to stop, keep moving
until you can safely pull over.
• Keep moving forward. Don’t drive in reverse on the road,
even if you miss your turn or exit. It’s illegal to back up on a
shoulder or freeway.
• Do not hitchhike or pick up hitchhikers on Washington
freeways. It’s illegal and dangerous.
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Traffic control devices are signals, signs, and road markings that
control the flow of traffic, making streets and highways safer for
motorists, bicyclists, and pedestrians. It is your responsibility to
look for and comply with all signals, signs, and road markings.
In special circumstances, law enforcement, construction
workers, maintenance personnel, and school crossing guards
can direct traffic. These people can overrule traffic signals, and
their orders or directions must be followed.
BROKEN LIGHTS OR SIGNALS
If a traffic signal isn’t working, treat the intersection like a four-
way stop. Come to a complete stop. Yield to traffic on your right.
Proceed cautiously when it’s safe.
4.11 | TRAFFIC LIGHT SIGNALS
Solid Red
Stop. Wait until the traffic light turns
green and there are no vehicles or
pedestrians in the intersection before
you move ahead.
After coming to a complete stop at a
red light, you can turn right if you don’t
see a “no turn on red” sign and you
have plenty of room to enter traffic.
After coming to a complete stop at a red light, you can turn
left onto a one-way street if you don’t see a “no turn on red”
sign and you have plenty of room to enter traffic.
Flashing Red
Stop. A flashing red traffic light
functions as a stop sign. Come to a full
stop, and then go when it’s your turn.
Red Arrow
Stop. A red arrow means you can’t go in
the direction of the arrow.
Solid Yellow
Slow down. This means the light is
changing to red. When you see a yellow
light, slow down and prepare to stop.
If you’re in the intersection when the
yellow light comes on, continue through
the intersection at the posted speed.
You are not allowed to accelerate
beyond the posted speed limit to enter
or clear an intersection when the light is
yellow.
Flashing Yellow
Slow down. A flashing yellow light has
the same meaning as a yield sign. Treat
the intersection as an uncontrolled
intersection. Proceed when you have
the right-of-way.
Yellow Arrow
Slow down. A yellow arrow means the
light is going to turn red soon. Prepare
to stop and give the right-of-way to
oncoming traffic.
Solid Green
Go ahead, but make sure to:
• Wait for the intersection to clear.
• Yield to emergency vehicles as
required by law.
• Yield to pedestrians.
When you’re turning left at a green light, yield to approaching
vehicles. Oncoming traffic has the right-of-way. Pause in a
place that gives you a clear view of approaching traffic, and
then safely complete the turn when there is a break in traffic.
Flashing Green
You won’t see a flashing green light in
Washington state. However, you might
see them in British Columbia, Canada,
as warning that pedestrians are waiting
to cross.
Green Arrow
Go in the direction of the arrow. A green
arrow gives you the right-of-way to
travel in that direction. There should be
no oncoming vehicles, crossing traffic,
or pedestrians while the arrow is green.
FREEWAY RAMP METERS
Ramp meters work like regular traffic signals. When the light is
red, stop at the white stop line. When the signal turns green, you
can continue along the on-ramp.
4.12 | SIGNS
Traffic signs tell you about traffic rules, hazards, roadway
directions, and the location of roadway services. The shape and
color of these signs, and their symbols and words, give clues to
the type of information they provide.
Red Prohibitive or restricted
action
Orange Construction and
maintenance warning
Yellow General and unexpected
road conditions warning
Fluorescent
Yellow Green
Warning of school,
pedestrian, and bicycling
activity
White Regulatory
Green Guide or directional
information
Blue Motorist services guidance
Brown Public recreation, cultural
and historical area
identification
COMMON SIGNS
Stop
A stop sign means you must stop at the
line, crosswalk, or corner. Look for crossing
vehicles and pedestrians in all directions
and yield the right-of-way.
Yield
A yield sign means you must slow down
and allow traffic that has the right-of-way to
cross first.
Speed Limit
These signs tell you the maximum safe
speed allowed or the minimum safe speed
required.
• The maximum speed limit is for ideal
conditions. Reduce your speed when
road conditions require it — like the
roadway is slippery or it’s foggy and
difficult to see. Even if you’re driving
under the posted speed limit, you can
get a ticket for traveling too fast for road
conditions.
• Some roads have minimum speed
limits. You’re required to travel at least
this fast so you are not a hazard to
other drivers.
Keep Right
This sign reminds you to stay in the right
lane unless you’re passing another vehicle.
Automated traffic safety cameras
These cameras automatically record
images if you:
• Fail to stop at a steady red light.
• Fail to stop at a railroad crossing signal.
• Exceed the speed limit in a school
zone.
All locations with traffic cameras are clearly
marked. Speeding tickets from these
locations are mailed to the vehicle owner.
Speed warning
These signs indicate that a speed change
is recommended for a potential hazard
or road condition (often a curve or turn).
Adjust your speed appropriately given all
factors (road, weather, traffic, etc.) and
follow the speed warning limit.
Variable speed limit and
advanced notification
These digital signs attempt to distribute
the flow of traffic by posting changing
speed limits. Digital advanced notification
signs can also quickly close entire lanes
and provide warning information to drivers
before they reach slower traffic.
One Way
These signs identify where traffic flows only
in the direction of the arrow. Never drive
the wrong way on a one-way street.
Not allowed
Some regulatory signs have a red circle
with a red slash over a symbol. These signs
indicate certain actions, such as left turns,
right turns, or U-turns, are not allowed.
Do Not Enter
A square sign with a white horizontal line
inside a circle means you can’t enter the
street from that direction.
Wrong Way
This alerts you that you’re driving in the
wrong direction and is meant to prevent
head-on collisions. Stop and turn around
immediately.
No passing and passing safely
These signs tell you where passing isn’t
allowed. You might see these signs where
there are potential hazards, such as hills,
curves, and intersections, and other places
a vehicle could enter the roadway. There
are also signs and lane markings that tell
you when it is safe to pass.
Shared center lane left turn only
This sign indicates where a lane is reserved
for left-turning vehicles from either
direction and isn’t to be used for through
traffic or passing other vehicles. Arrows are
often painted on the road.
Roundabout
These signs mark the entrance to a
roundabout. Roundabouts can also have
yield, pedestrian warning, and directional
arrow signs.
WORK ZONE SIGNS
These construction,
maintenance, or emergency
operations signs warn you
people are working near
the roadway. Motorists,
pedestrians, and bicyclists
must yield to any highway
construction personnel,
vehicles with flashing yellow
lights, or equipment inside
a highway construction or
maintenance work zone.
Fines double for offenses
committed while driving in
construction areas when
workers are present.
SERVICE SIGNS
Service signs show the
location of various services,
such as hospitals, electric
vehicle charging stations,
and rest areas.
RECREATION SIGNS
Recreation signs show local
attractions, such as hiking
trails, picnic spaces, and
skiing areas.
DESTINATION SIGNS
Destination signs show directions and distances to various
locations, such as cities, airports, or state lines or special areas
such as national parks, historical areas, or museums.
The shape and color of route number signs indicate the type
of roadway — interstate, U.S., state, city, or county road.
City mileage
Optional exit and
exit only
Highway signs
OTHER TRAFFIC SIGNS
Some, but not all, Washington State signs are shown below.
You are responsible for knowing all signs, including city and
county signs.
No turn on red Lane use control Mile marker
School zone speed
limit
Reduced speed
limit ahead
Railroad
intersection
Cross road Curve Deer crossing
Hill Low clearance Merge
Merging traffic No passing zone Pedestrian crossing
Reversing curves School crossing Side road
Signal ahead Slippery when wet Soft shoulder
Stop ahead Sharp turn Two-way traffic
Added lane (from
right, no merging
required)
Advance warning
bicyclist
Narrow road
or bridge
ahead
Circular
intersection Curve left 35 mph
recommended
Divided highway
(road) begins
Divided highway
(road) ends
Slow moving
vehicle
Winding
road
Advisory speed Chain advisory Light rail
Sharp curve ahead Railroad crossing Traffic direction
Tsunami hazard
zone
National
forest
Volcano
evacuation route
4.13 | COMMON INTERSECTIONS
An intersection is any place where two or more roads come
together. There are many types of intersections: cross streets,
roundabouts, calming circles, side streets, driveways, shopping
centers, and parking lot entrances. Every intersection is legally
a crosswalk, whether it’s marked or unmarked. Each intersection
type requires wise decision making, cautious behavior, and
awareness of yourself and others.
Before you enter an intersection:
• Stop and yield to pedestrians and traffic in the intersection.
• Look in each direction multiple times.
• Check your side mirrors and over your shoulder to be sure
there isn’t a cyclist, motorcyclist, or pedestrian coming into
your path.
• Look for road markings to follow as you proceed to a new
lane or road.
• Make sure you can clearly see crossing traffic before
entering an intersection. If you stop on the stop line, but
your view of a cross street is blocked, edge forward slowly
until you can see. This allows crossing drivers to see the
front of your vehicle before you can see them. This gives
them a chance to slow down and warn you if needed.
• Make sure there is enough space for you to cross or turn
without blocking the intersection.
It’s very important to scan the entire area around an
intersection, especially when you are near shopping centers,
parking lots, construction areas, busy sidewalks, playgrounds,
parks, and schoolyards.
Right-of-way
Right-of-way rules determine the order vehicles move through
an intersection. The law determines who must yield (give up)
the right-of-way.
Four-way stop
When you approach an intersection controlled by stop signs,
the following rules apply:
• The first vehicle to arrive is the first to go.
• The second vehicle to arrive is the second to go, etc.
• If two vehicles arrive at approximately the same time, yield to
the one on the right.
• Any vehicle turning left must yield the right-of-way to
vehicles going straight or turning right.
Two-way stop
Turning vehicles must yield to the vehicle going straight.
The vehicle going straight has the right-of-way.
4.14 | TURNING
Whether turning left or right at an intersection, state law
requires you to turn into the lane closest to the direction you
are coming from.
If there is more than one turn lane, stay in your original lane as
you turn. Make sure you plan your turns carefully so you don’t
veer into another lane while turning.
Once you complete your turn, you can change to another lane
if you need to.
Put on your turn signal at least 100 feet before you turn left or
right across oncoming traffic. Then, look for a safe gap in the
traffic. Check the street you’re turning onto to make sure no
vehicles, pedestrians, or bicyclists are in or approaching your
path.
Check behind you for bicyclists and
yield to them before making your turn.
Bicyclists might be moving toward you faster than you realize.
Be sure you have time to execute the turn safely.
U-turns
If you need to turn around, look for signs showing whether
or not a U-turn is allowed. You must have clear visibility in all
directions before making a U-turn. For that reason, do not make
a U-turn on a curve or when approaching the crest of a hill.
In Washington, U-turns are generally allowed unless a sign is
posted telling you a U-turn is not allowed.
Cross Intersection
A cross-intersection is a four-way
junction with one or more lanes traveling
in each direction. It can be marked with
traffic lights, street signs, and/or road
markings. Know and apply the right-of-
way laws at cross intersections.
T-Intersection
A T-intersection is a three-way junction
where a road ends and intersects with a
through road. Some T-intersections will
have a yield or stop sign to let you know
that passing traffic has the right-of-way.
Y-Intersection
A Y-intersection is when a minor road
connects with more major routes. There
might be a stop sign where the minor
road connects with the major road. The
cars on major roads have the right-of-
way.
Mid-block crossing
These are crosswalks in the middle of
the roadway. Pedestrians always have
the right-of-way in a marked crosswalk.
Drivers should stop to allow pedestrians
and bicyclists to cross, regardless of
whether the crosswalk has a stop sign
or not.
4.15 | OTHER INTERSECTIONS
Traffic calming circles
A traffic calming circle is an intersection
with a painted or raised center island
that traffic flows counterclockwise
around. This type of intersection can
have stop or yield signs on all, some,
or none of its approaches. They can
be found at 4-way, 3-way, or 2-way
intersections. Apply the same right-
of-way rules as you would at any other
intersection.
Traffic calming circles are intended for passenger vehicles and
may not easily accommodate large vehicles like fire trucks,
buses, or delivery trucks. Give larger vehicles plenty of space
and be aware that they might have to go clockwise to get
through the circle.
ROUNDABOUTS
A roundabout is a circular intersection where all approaching
vehicles yield on entry and travel counterclockwise around a
raised center island.
Roundabouts are designed for a wide variety of users, including
cars, fire trucks, buses, delivery vehicles, freight trucks,
bicyclists, and pedestrians.
Roundabouts can have a truck apron around the central
island. Truck aprons are designed for large vehicles. Give large
vehicles plenty of space as they are allowed to cross truck
aprons and both lanes as they approach and drive through the
intersection.
Bicycles can choose to navigate the roundabout as a
pedestrian or as a vehicle. When traveling as a vehicle,
bicyclists should ride in the middle of the lane to increase their
visibility to drivers.
How to drive a roundabout
1. Slow down when approaching the roundabout.
Roundabouts are designed for speeds between 15 and
25 mph.
2. Pick a lane as you approach the roundabout. The lane
choice sign shows you which lanes are used for right
turns, straight through travel, and left turns. Once you
pick a lane, stay in that lane until you exit the roundabout.
3. Stop for pedestrians and bicyclists in crosswalks when
you enter and exit the roundabout.
4. Yield to all traffic in the roundabout. Look left and yield
to all traffic already in the roundabout since they have
the right-of-way. Once you see a gap in traffic, enter the
circle and proceed to your exit. Remember to keep a safe
distance behind trucks because they need a lot of space
and are allowed to use both lanes.
5. Enter the roundabout to the right, traveling
counterclockwise and staying in your lane.
6. Exit at the street you want.
7. Drive through the roundabout and pull over if an
emergency vehicle approaches, just like you would at any
other intersection.
DIVERGING
DIAMOND
INTERCHANGE
DIVEEVRGINAVMOT
CTVAHMTNOTGIEGTMVO
Crossover point
Stoplight Intersection
Crossover point
Stoplight Intersection
Crossover point
Stoplight Intersection
DIVERGING DIAMONDS
A diverging diamond is a new type of intersection in
Washington. It’s designed so traffic can cross to the other
side of the roadway. This might not seem logical because you
cross lanes with traffic going in the opposite direction. The
intersection allows for vehicles to turn left (on and off freeway
ramps) more efficiently. These intersections reduce the number
of points where vehicles cross paths, which in turn decreases
the risk of collisions. By eliminating left turns against oncoming
traffic, diverging diamond intersections improve traffic flow and
reduce congestion.
What to expect
• Lane Shift. As you approach the interchange, you’ll be
guided to cross over to the left side of the roadway. This
might feel strange initially, as you’ll be driving on the
opposite side of the road, but clear markings and signals will
guide you.
• Free-Flow Left Turns. The main advantage is that it allows
you to make left turns onto the freeway without stopping or
yielding to oncoming traffic.
• Return to Normal. After crossing the overpass or underpass,
you’ll be directed to cross back over to the right side of the
road.
What to do
• Pay close attention to signs and pavement markings. They
will guide you through the lane shift and turns.
• Don’t worry about oncoming traffic when turning left onto
the freeway. The design eliminates conflicts with oncoming
vehicles.
• Stay alert and drive at a safe speed. Even though traffic
flow is improved, it’s important to remain aware of your
surroundings.
UNCONTROLLED INTERSECTION
Uncontrolled intersections don’t have signs, but the normal
right-of-way rules apply. These intersections are typically found
on local roads and streets. When you enter an uncontrolled
intersection, you must yield the right-of-way if any of these
apply:
• A vehicle is already in the intersection.
• You enter or cross a state highway from a secondary road.
• You enter a paved road from an unpaved road.
• You plan to make a left turn and a vehicle is approaching
from the opposite direction.
4.16 | ROAD MARKINGS
Road markings are lines, arrows, words, or symbols painted on
the roadway to give you directions or warnings. They’re used
to divide lanes. Road markings show when you can pass other
vehicles or change lanes. They show which lanes to use for
turns, define pedestrian walkways, and show where you must
stop for signs or traffic signals.
LANES
Solid white lines mark the
edge of the road and separate
bicycle lanes from other
traffic.
If there are no markings on
the road, stay as close to the
right side as safely possible.
White and yellow lines
separating travel lanes or
marking the center of the road
tell you if traffic is traveling in
one or two directions.
Yellow lines separate traffic
in opposite directions. White
lines separate traffic lanes
moving in the same direction.
Shorter dashed white lines
mean the lane is ending.
You will either need to merge
or exit. You can cross dashed
lines if it is safe.
Medians divide two or more
roadways. They can be open
spaces, cement dividers, or
18-inch solid yellow pavement
markings with stripes. It’s
illegal to drive within, over, or
across medians.
A dashed white line between
lanes of traffic means you can
cross it to change lanes if it is
safe.
A solid white line means
you should stay in your lane
unless a special situation
requires you to change lanes.
Double solid white lines are
a barrier between lanes. It’s
illegal to cross double white
lines.
A dashed yellow line shows
the center of a two-way, two-
lane road. If it’s safe, you may
use the oncoming lane to
pass another vehicle.
A solid yellow line can
indicate the edge of the road
or a no-passing zone. Do not
cross a solid yellow line to
pass another vehicle.
Double solid yellow
centerlines show the middle
of a two-way road. You are
not allowed to pass, in either
direction, on roads with
double yellow lines.
A solid yellow and a dashed
yellow line also show the
center of a two-way roadway.
You’re not allowed to pass
when the solid yellow line is
on your side of the road. If the
dashed line is on your side of
the road, you may pass if it’s
safe to do so.
Turn lanes are usually at major
intersections. There are signs
and road markings indicating
these lanes. Sometimes an
arrow signal helps control
these lanes. Once you’re in
a turn lane, you must follow
through with the turn.
You can cross a solid yellow
line on your side of the road
to get into a center lane. This
lane is marked with left turn
arrows.
These shared center lanes are
reserved for vehicles making
left turns in either direction
from or into the roadway
(or U-turns when they are
permitted).
Keep your eyes on traffic coming the other direction because
those cars also have the right to use the same turn lane.
These lanes must not be used for passing. You shouldn’t travel
farther than 300 feet in a center lane.
HOV / CARPOOL
HOV lanes are reserved for carpools, vanpools, and buses.
HOV lanes are identified by the diamond symbol on signs and
on the pavement. These lanes are separated from the other
lanes on the highway by a solid white line. To travel in an HOV
lane, a vehicle must meet the occupancy requirements posted
on the signs. Motorcycles are also allowed to use HOV lanes.
REVERSIBLE LANES
Reversible lanes, like express lanes, help address traffic
congestion by switching the travel direction of one or more
lanes when additional capacity is needed. Reversible lanes
are typically operated on regular, fixed schedules that reflect
daily commuting patterns. They can also be activated for major
events or incidents.
These lanes are usually marked by double-dashed white lines.
Check with the overhead signs before you start driving in a
reversible lane. A green arrow means you can use the lane, and,
a red X means you can’t. A steady yellow X means the lane is
changing direction, and you should move out of the lane as
soon as it’s safe.
RESERVED LANES
Reserved lanes are identified by signs and/or pavement
markings indicating the lane is reserved for special uses. For
example, transit lanes are for bus use only.
TOLL LANES
Express toll lanes and high occupancy toll lanes provide
toll-free express trips for buses, vanpools, carpools, and
motorcycles, but they also give individual drivers the option to
pay the toll to use the lanes for a faster trip.
For more information, search toll roads on wsdot.wa.gov.
Using a Good To Go! account
is the best way to pay tolls in
Washington. Good To Go!
accounts save you money on
every toll road in the state and
give you the convenience of
automatic payments.
For more information regarding Good To Go! accounts,
visit mygoodtogo.com.
OTHER ROAD MARKINGS
Crosswalks provide a safe way for pedestrians and bicyclists to
cross the road. You must yield to people in or about to enter a
crosswalk.
Get in the habit of being alert for pedestrians and bicyclists
when you’re crossing an intersection or turning.
Some crosswalks might also have in-pavement lights that are
activated by crossing pedestrians. You must yield when these
lights are flashing.
Not all crosswalks are marked! Every intersection is legally
defined as a crosswalk regardless of whether a crosswalk
marking is present.
Bike lanes are marked with
solid white lines and bike
symbols.
Some bike lanes are
separated from the adjacent
travel lane with a buffer
consisting of two solid
white lines with diagonal
crosshatching in between.
This buffer is considered part
of the bike lane and should
not be entered unless you’re
making a legal turn after
checking that it’s safe to
do so.
Some bike lanes are physically separated from passing traffic
by methods such as bollards, posts, or planters.
Stop lines appear at a stop
sign or signal. You must stop
before your vehicle reaches
the stop line or crosswalk
(if there is one).
Fire lanes are usually marked
with red stripes or a red curb.
Don’t park or stop in fire lanes.
In some communities, the
road in front of a fire station is
marked as a fire lane to keep
the path clear for aid vehicles.
Yellow stripes show where
you’re not allowed to drive.
Sharrows are road markings
used to indicate a vehicle
lane is shared with bicycle
traffic.
If you see sharrow markings,
watch for people riding bikes.
Drive slowly and provide at
least 3 feet of space when
passing.
Bicycles should position
themselves in line with the
sharrow markings and ride
in the direction the arrow is
pointing.
Bicycle boxes
When the light turns
green, bicyclists cross the
intersection first and enter
the bike lane on the other
side of the intersection. You
can’t turn right on red near a
bicycle box. Stay behind the
white line until the bicycle box
is clear.
Bicycles should position
themselves in front of vehicles
at the intersection.
4.17 | ZONES
SCHOOL ZONE
A school zone refers to the roads around a school building or
playground. These areas can be marked with signs, pavement
markings, and flashing lights.
The school zone speed limit is 20 mph because higher speeds
increase the risk of fatal crashes. You might see signs that clarify
when the 20 mph speed limit applies.
Remember: Students might participate in after-school activities,
sports teams, or access the playground after hours. Slow down
and watch out when you’re driving near a school. Any effort to
reduce the risk for children is worth your time and attention.
WORK ZONE
A work zone is an area where
roadwork or construction
takes place. It could involve
lane closures, detours, and
moving equipment.
Be aware of crew members
who work to keep travelers
safe while vehicles speed
past. Employees in work zones
are parents, partners, siblings,
and friends who need a safe
work environment.
Please do your part to keep these workers safe.
• Watch for signs, cones, barrels, large vehicles, and workers
when approaching a work zone.
• Eliminate distractions to enhance focus. Turn down music
and pause conversations.
• Always reduce your speed in a work zone, even if there are
no workers. The narrower lanes and rough pavement can
create a hazardous condition.
• Increase your following distance, watch the traffic around
you, and be prepared to stop.
• Use extreme caution when driving through a work zone at
night, whether you see workers or not.
• Move over when possible to allow space for workers and
construction vehicles.
• Observe the posted work zone signs until you see the End
Road Work sign.
• Expect delays, plan for them, and leave early to reach your
destination on time.
• Use a different route to avoid work zones when possible.
EMERGENCY ZONE
An emergency zone is created in response to a roadside
situation that requires immediate attention. It could be a crash,
broken vehicle, or individual in distress. These are situations
nobody plans for, and they require care and patience from all
road users.
Emergency zones might involve road flares or signs, but
roadside response vehicles will use flashing lights. As soon as
you see a roadside response vehicle with flashing lights, you
must either:
1. Move over into a farther lane.
2. Slow down to at least 10 mph below the posted
speed limit. Never drive faster than 50 mph in an
emergency zone.
Roadside response vehicles could include tow trucks, solid
waste trucks, incident response, highway maintenance, utility
vehicles, law enforcement, fire trucks, and ambulances.
Create a safe space for roadside workers as soon as possible.
You can help them while they are there helping others.
4.18 | PARKING
GENERAL PARKING RULES
You’re responsible for making sure your parked vehicle isn’t a
hazard to others.
Make sure to park in designated areas only. Check for signs
prohibiting or limiting parking. Colored curb markings can
indicate parking restrictions. You’re responsible for making sure
your parked vehicle isn’t a hazard to others.
Do not park:
• In an intersection.
• On a crosswalk, sidewalk, or bicycle lane.
• Within 30 feet of a traffic signal, stop sign, or yield sign.
• Within 5 feet of a driveway, alley, or private road.
• Within 75 feet of a fire station driveway on the opposite side
of the street.
• Within 20 feet of pedestrian safety zones.
• On railroad tracks.
• Within 50 feet of a railroad crossing.
• In a construction zone.
• Next to an already parked vehicle (double parking).
• On the shoulder of the freeway (unless you have an
emergency).
• On a bridge, overpass, or in a tunnel or an underpass.
• Facing oncoming traffic.
• More than 12 inches from the curb.
• Wherever there is a sign that says you cannot park.
• Within 15 feet of a fire hydrant.
Signs or painted curbs might indicate other parking restrictions:
• White means that only short stops are permitted.
• Yellow or red indicates a loading zone or some other
restriction.
Set your parking brake
Always set your parking brake, especially on a hill.
Check traffic before you open your door
• Check your rear and side-view mirror.
• Open the door with your hand that’s farthest from the door.
This is called the “Dutch Reach” method. It forces your body
to turn, which allows you to see approaching bicyclists.
It also prevents the vehicle door from being opened too
quickly. This can protect bicyclists and prevent your door
from being damaged by an approaching vehicle.
Never leave children or animals
unattended in a parked vehicle.
Ensure adults, children, and animals properly exit the
vehicle
• It’s a crime to leave a child under the age of 16 unattended
in a parked vehicle while the motor is running.
• It’s a crime to leave a child under the age of 12 unattended
in a parked vehicle.
• It’s a crime to leave an animal unattended in a vehicle if the
animal could be harmed or killed by exposure to excessive
heat, cold, lack of ventilation, or lack of necessary water.
• If no one in the immediate area has access to the vehicle,
law enforcement is authorized to immediately remove
children or animals by any means reasonable to protect
their health and safety. The officer, or the agency employing
an officer, isn’t responsible for damage to the vehicle if
they need to remove children or animals for legal or safety
reasons.
Take your keys and lock your door
Locking your door prevents theft and protects your vehicle
against unwanted intruders.
PERPENDICULAR AND ANGLED PARKING
Entering a perpendicular or angled parking space
1. Identify the space you want to park in, and check traffic.
2. Signal your intention to turn.
3. Move forward slowly, turning the steering wheel left or
right as appropriate, until the vehicle reaches the middle
of the space.
4. Center the vehicle between the painted lines.
5. Move to the front of the parking space, stop, and secure
the vehicle.
Exiting a perpendicular or angled parking space
1. Check for traffic in all directions.
2. Continue to check traffic and move straight back until
your bumper clears the vehicle parked beside you.
3. Turn the steering wheel sharply in the direction you want
your vehicle to move.
4. Clear the parking space and stop. Move forward,
accelerating smoothly and steering as needed to
straighten the wheels.
PARALLEL PARKING
Entering a parallel parking space
1. Identify the space where you’ll park, check traffic, and
signal.
2. Reverse and look in the direction the vehicle will be
moving.
3. Back slowly until your front bumper is in line with the rear
bumper of the vehicle you’re parking behind.
4. Turn your steering wheel sharply and back slowly into the
space.
5. Turn the steering wheel rapidly to center the vehicle into
the space.
6. Stop before touching the bumper of the vehicle
behind you.
7. Move forward to adjust your vehicle in the parking space.
Make sure your vehicle is no more than 12 inches from
the curb.
Exiting a parallel parking space
1. Check traffic in all directions, place your foot on the
brake, shift to reverse, and move backward as much as
possible toward the vehicle behind you.
2. Check for traffic and signal.
3. Move forward slowly, steering into the lane.
4. Make sure the front bumper of your vehicle will clear the
vehicle ahead; if not, reverse and adjust the steering
wheel.
5. Move forward into the closest lane of traffic when your
front door clears the rear bumper of the vehicle parked
ahead of you.
PARKING ON A HILL
Always set your parking brake when you park on a hill
You need to make sure your vehicle doesn’t roll into the road.
Turning your wheels toward the edge of the road provides
additional security in case your parking brake fails.
Facing up the hill
On hills with tall curbs, turn your steering wheel away from the
curb until the back of your front tire touches the curb. If your
vehicle starts to roll, it will roll backwards into the curb. On hills
with lower or rounded curbs, turning your steering wheel toward
the curb might be safer because your vehicle would roll away
from the road if your parking brake failed.
Facing down the hill
Turn your steering wheel toward the curb until the front of your
front tire touches the curb. If your vehicle starts to roll, it will roll
forward into the curb.
If there is no curb
Turn your steering wheel and tires toward the edge of the road.
This way, if your vehicle starts to roll, it will roll away from traffic.
RESERVED DISABLED PARKING
Some parking spots are reserved for
vehicles with disabled parking plates or
a disabled parking placard. The white
stripes next to a reserved space, called
an access aisle, must be kept clear. You
can be fined for parking in stalls without
displaying the required placard and/or
for blocking the access aisle.
If you have a disability that limits or
impairs your ability to walk, you may
apply for temporary or permanent
disabled parking privileges.
Do not hang the parking placard from your rearview mirror while
you’re driving because it will obstruct your view.
To apply, you and your physician must complete the Disabled
Parking Application for Individuals form, available at
dol.wa.gov.
ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION PARKING
It’s illegal to park a vehicle in any
electric vehicle charging station if
the vehicle is not connected to the
charging equipment.
4.19 | TRANSPORTING
TOWING
If you’re towing anything, like a boat, trailer, or camper, you’re
responsible for following all manufacturers’ agreements, state
laws, and federal standards. You need to know and follow all
guidelines regarding:
• Weight limits.
• Vehicle restrictions.
• Tow cables and taillight hookups.
• Service brakes.
• Licensing and documentation.
SECURE YOUR LOAD
Driving with an unsecured load is both against the law and
extremely dangerous. Secure your load so loose items don’t
release into the air or slide, shift, or fall onto the road and cause
a crash.
To secure the load in your vehicle or trailer:
• Tie everything down with rope, netting, or straps.
• Tie large objects directly to your vehicle or trailer.
• Pack your vehicle or trailer only with items you can safely
and securely carry.
ANIMALS
• It’s illegal for anyone to transport an animal outside a vehicle
(such as the bed of a truck) without a protective harness or
enclosure, so the animal can’t jump or fall out.
• It’s a misdemeanor to transport animals in a way that would
pose a risk to the animal or public safety, according to
Washington’s Prevention of Cruelty to Animals laws. If you’re
taken into custody for any reason, an officer can take charge
of any animal(s) in the vehicle. If your animal is in police
custody, you’ll need to pay a fee before you can collect the
animal.
• It’s illegal to engage in any activity that takes your focus off
safely driving your vehicle. Animals that are loose in a vehicle
or riding on the driver’s lap are a potential distraction.
4.20 | MARITIME
FERRIES
Washington State Ferries, sometimes referred to as the state’s
marine highway system, are part of Washington’s highway
network. As part of that network, all rules of the road apply.
As you approach the ferry terminal, you might see signs
directing you into a designated ferry lane. Pull up behind other
vehicles already in line. Ferry line-cutting is a traffic offense that
can lead to a fine. If you’re in a ferry holding lane in a residential
area, please don’t block residential driveways or intersections.
Bicyclists receive priority loading on most ferries and have a
bicycle waiting area in front of motor vehicles. Bicyclists can
proceed past vehicles waiting in the ferry holding lane. For
more information about the Washington State Ferries system,
or for fares and schedules, please visit wsdot.wa.gov and search
for ferries.
BEACHES
Driving is allowed on ocean beaches only in Grays Harbor and
Pacific counties. The beach is considered a state highway, so all
driving laws apply. The speed limit is 25 mph, and pedestrians
and bicyclists have the right-of-way at all times.
You may enter the beach with your vehicle only through marked
beach approaches and drive only on hard-packed sand.
Watch for signs prohibiting beach driving in some areas and
circumstances.
EVERGREEN STATE
YEAR
TAB TAB
MONTH
WASHINGTON
dol.wa.gov
CHAPTER 5
risks5
5.0 | DANGERS OF DRIVING
You know there are serious risks and consequences to driving.
You will make mistakes, and those around you will make
mistakes. Even though risk is always present, driving safely can
reduce crash potential.
Navigating risk involves being aware, predictable, smooth, and
proficient behind the wheel. To drive well and without incidents,
you need to intentionally develop and use safe driving habits as
your default driving style.
Fatal crash common factors
• Speed
• Impairment
• Distractions
• Unrestrained occupants
• Inexperience*
*In Washington, vehicle crashes are a leading causes of death
for people ages 16 to 25. This age group is more susceptible to
fatal and serious injury crashes.
RISK AWARENESS
Risk awareness is your ability to identify present and potential
hazards on the road. It helps you be aware of things that might
require you to change your behavior to avoid a crash. Risk
awareness includes being mindful of other road users, weather
conditions, and potential distractions.
Risk awareness relies on understanding what is happening
around you and what may happen next.
• Keep your head scanning continually. Stay aware of what’s
happening in front of you, beside you, and behind you. You
can do this by using your peripheral vision and mirrors.
• Leave enough space in front of your vehicle to see what’s
happening on the road ahead.
• Check behind you after spotting a hazard that requires you
to make a change. What’s happening behind you can affect
your decision-making
It’s impossible to remove risk completely. However, you can
learn how to avoid or minimize risks by identifying them and
then adjusting your driving appropriately.
HAZARD PERCEPTION
Hazard perception is your ability to scan for potential risks on
the road and to identify them before they become a problem.
This skill is important for safe driving and helps prevent crashes.
Hazard perception requires:
• Attentiveness.
• Quick decision-making.
• Ability to react appropriately to changing situations.
A hazard is anything that requires you to make a change.
When you’re behind the wheel, you should always
be looking for hazards or responding to them.
A hazard might require you to change your speed or direction.
• A hazard can be an immediate danger, such as a child
running out onto the road, or something less serious, such
as a trash can in the road, coming up to a speed limit sign, or
approaching the turn to your driveway.
• A hazard can be stationary or moving.
• There could be more than one hazard at the same time. It’s
your responsibility as a driver to determine which hazard
requires the most urgent response.
Drive slower when approaching hazards to give yourself more
space time to make safe decisions.
SITUATIONAL AWARENESS
Situational awareness is observing what is happening all around
you and predicting what you should prepare for next. You
should do this constantly.
You need to know who might be affected by your actions and
who needs to know your intentions. The drivers behind you
could be the most affected by your decisions.
HAZARD MANAGEMENT
You will encounter an unlimited number of situations on the
road. It would be difficult to predict or have a plan for each one.
Instead, you should develop a reliable routine for responding to
hazards that requires you to:
• Plan. Scan your environment to know what’s happening
around you. Be sure you also look in your rearview mirror to
see what’s happening behind you. Decide if the change you
want to make is safe.
• Communicate. Let others know what you plan to do. Use
your signals and make sure everyone is well aware of your
intentions.
• Check. Prepare your vehicle position and speed so you
have adequate space to make your change with no more
than medium braking. Recheck your mirrors and look over
your shoulder for pedestrians and bicyclists. Make sure no
other drivers are trying to move into the same space.
• Execute. Make the change smoothly. Try not to surprise
anyone. Be ready to change your plan if needed.
• Evaluate. Think about how it went. See if you need to adjust
your routine for next time.
5.1 | SPEED
Even if you’re in a hurry, the risks of speeding are not worth
it. Speeding puts everyone on the road in danger. Follow the
posted speed limit to protect yourself, the people who care
about you, and the other individuals and families sharing the
road with you.
Following the posted speed limit is about more than following
the law. Even if you’re in a hurry, the risks of speeding are
not worth it. Speeding puts everyone on the road in danger.
Prioritize safety and drive at a speed that allows you to maintain
control and react to hazards.
EXCESSIVE SPEEDS
Driving over the speed limit could harm your car, other people,
and you. Excessive speeds can:
• Reduce the effectiveness of seat belts. Seat belts are
designed to protect you in a crash, but their effectiveness
decreases at higher speeds.
• Limit your ability to visually scan for hazards. The faster
you drive, the less time you have to scan the road ahead
for potential dangers, like pedestrians, cyclists, or other
vehicles.
• Reduce vehicle and traction control. High speeds can
make it harder to control your vehicle, especially in adverse
conditions like rain or snow. This can lead to skidding or
losing control entirely.
• Create longer stopping distances. It takes longer to stop a
vehicle at higher speeds. This increases the risk of a collision
if you need to brake suddenly.
• Give you less time to assess your path of travel and
make necessary changes. Speeding gives you less time to
react to changes in the road, such as curves, intersections,
or obstacles.
• Increase the severity of injuries in the event of a crash.
The force of impact in a crash increases with speed, leading
to more severe injuries or fatalities.
SPEED LIMITS
Speed limits indicate the maximum speed legal under ideal
conditions. Washington law also requires you to drive at speeds
that are safe for current road conditions. This means reducing
your speed when conditions are poor. You can drive below the
speed limit, but exceeding it is illegal.
You’re responsible for always driving at a safe
speed, regardless of the posted limit.
ADJUSTING SPEED FOR CONDITIONS
Speeding is a dangerous and unnecessary risk. Arriving late is
better than not arriving at all. Reduce your speed in conditions
like the following:
• Sharp curves or hills where visibility is limited
• Slippery roads due to rain, snow, or ice
• Areas with pedestrians, children, cyclists, or animals
• Shopping centers, parking lots, and areas with heavy foot
traffic
• Heavy traffic congestion
• Narrow bridges and tunnels
• Residential areas
5.2 | SPACE
Judging space when you’re driving is a valuable skill. It can take
time and practice before you’re proficient, which is why novice
drivers are at a greater risk. You can judge space by distance or
time, but you need to constantly evaluate your position on the
road. Try to keep plenty of space around you as you drive.
You can reduce your risk and give yourself time to determine
an alternative path, if needed, by leaving enough space around
your vehicle. It will provide additional room to take action should
there be a problem in your path of travel.
When you’re driving near other vehicles, it’s important to leave a
distance that’s at least twice the length of your vehicle between
you and the vehicle ahead. When merging, give yourself
enough space so you safely apply your hazard management
routine to plan, communicate, check, execute, and evaluate.
5.3 | MERGING
When you’re merging, enter traffic with enough space so you
don’t cause the people around you to swerve, slow, or stop.
Trying to merge into a space that is too small can be dangerous,
especially if the driver in front needs to stop or slow down.
Drivers already on the
interstate have the
right-of-way, so creating
space to merge might
require you to adjust
your speed, faster or
slower. Use the entire
on-ramp, your turn
signal, and your mirrors
to merge into a safe
space on the interstate.
ZIPPER MERGING
When traffic is moving slowly or is stopped due to a lane
closure, it’s important to merge smoothly and efficiently. Zipper
merging is a technique that:
• Improves traffic flow by 60 percent.
• Creates a predictable merging pattern, reducing the risk of
collisions caused by sudden lane changes.
• Helps avoid the frustration of long lines and the temptation
to cut in line.
How to zipper merge:
• Stay in your lane. Continue using both lanes until you
reach the designated merge area.
• Take turns. Alternate merging with vehicles from the other
lane, like the teeth of a zipper coming together.
• Be courteous. Allow one vehicle from the ending lane to
merge in front of you, then merge into the open lane.
• Maintain speed. Continue merging at a steady pace,
matching the speed of traffic in the open lane.
5.4 | TIME
To reduce risk, give yourself plenty of time to evaluate and move
through traffic. You can use a technique, like eye-lead time,
which allows you to scan the road ahead for potential hazards.
Eye-lead time is an important part of defensive driving. It gives
you time to see, analyze, and respond to hazards. Scan as far
as you can see ahead and to the sides. Use your mirrors to
scan behind. The earlier you identify a hazard, the more time
you have to prepare for it and the more time those around you
have to adjust to your changes. This is a proactive approach
to driving. It’s less risky than relying on your reactions to avoid
danger.
COUNT SECONDS
Practice judging the space your vehicle will travel in a short
amount of time using this simple exercise:
1. Pick out a marker, such as a road sign or utility pole, that
you think is 15 seconds ahead of your vehicle.
2. Count until you reach the marker.
Guessing before you count helps you develop the ability
to correctly estimate the distance your vehicle will travel in
seconds. Your accuracy will improve as you continue to practice
this method.
It is crucial to give yourself time to stop or maneuver around
obstacles and in unpredictable traffic situations. With enough
time, you can evaluate and prioritize your decisions in traffic.
This can help reduce panic and impulsive reactions.
TURNING IN FRONT OF APPROACHING VEHICLES
You’ll get better with experience, but it can be challenging to
judge how much time you have to turn when facing oncoming
traffic. It’s better to give yourself too much time than not
enough.
Remember
approaching traffic
has the right-of-
way. You can watch
oncoming vehicles
pass a marker on the
side of the road, like a
tree, and count how
many seconds it takes
until they clear the
road you want to turn
onto.
You can use that time frame to estimate how long it will take the
next vehicle to travel the same distance. Then you know when
you have enough time to turn safely.
Turning into the flow
of traffic requires
something similar. You
need time to complete
your turn without
impacting the flow of
traffic you’re entering.
You need enough time
to make the turn and
reach the speed of
oncoming traffic.
5.5 | FOCUS
Being mindful will help you prioritize safety and awareness on
the road.
• Be mentally present. Commit to being fully engaged and
focused on driving. Turn off distractions like your phone and
in-car entertainment systems.
• Be prepared. Anticipate hazards by scanning the road
ahead. Maintain awareness of your surroundings.
• Be proactive. Adjust your speed and driving behavior
based on road conditions, weather, and traffic.
ATTENTION
Your full attention is essential for safe driving. Your brain can
only focus on one thing at a time. Choose to actively pay
attention when you’re behind the wheel. Align your mental
attention and visual focus. Your attention is the most valuable
asset on the road.
Eliminate internal and external distractions. Distractions, even
for a few seconds, can have devastating consequences. By
staying focused and avoiding distractions, you can significantly
reduce your risk of being involved in a crash.
FIELD OF VISION
You’ll use three types of vision while you’re driving. Higher
speeds reduce the quality of each type of vision.
1. Central vision allows you to see detail straight in front of
you. It’s the vision you’re using to read these words.
2. Fringe vision is what you use to see the edges of the
driver guide pages. You can see it, but it may not be very
focused.
3. Peripheral vision is what you can see to the side of you
without losing focus on the words. It could be the walls of
the room you’re in or someone walking past you.
PATH OF TRAVEL
Your path of travel is the route or course you drive to get from
one place to another.
You’ll likely need to change your path at some point. You might
need to adjust because of a hazard, weather conditions, or
because you need to travel in a new direction. You’ll need to
visualize your new target area and intended path of travel.
A big part of driving is constantly shifting your visual focus and
mental attention between where you are and where you want
to be.
LINE OF SIGHT
Once you pick the area where you want to be, your line of sight
is what’s between you and that target. You will switch your visual
and mental attention between your path of travel and line of
sight quickly and repeatedly. Recognize you will to divide visual
focus and mental attention among:
• Your path of travel
• Your line of sight
• Your intended target area
• Present and potential hazards
• Your vehicle (interior and exterior)
• Other road users
• Yourself
INFORMATION GATHERING
Intentional focus and active attention help you gather the
information you need to make wise decisions behind the wheel.
Scanning your path of travel and line of sight is a continuous
process that can sometimes feel overwhelming, especially
when you’re first learning to drive. Set yourself up for success
by forming habits and routines involving constant vigilance and
minimal distractions.
5.6 | ROAD AND DRIVING CONDITIONS
Part of driving means following speed limits and adjusting for
road conditions. For example, you slow down before a sharp
curve, when the roadway is slippery, or when there is water
on the road to help you maintain control of your vehicle. Your
hazard awareness, decision-making, and wise choices have a
huge impact on how safely you travel in different conditions.
NIGHT DRIVING
It’s harder to see at night, and you should:
• Drive at a speed that will allow you to stop within the glow of
your headlights (usually 400 feet).
• Use your high beams whenever there are no oncoming
vehicles. Switch back to your regular headlights when there
is approaching traffic.
• Use your regular headlights when following another vehicle.
• Avoid looking directly into oncoming headlights. Keep your
eyes searching the road in front of your vehicle.
• Try to search beyond your headlight beams. Look for dark
shapes or shadows on the roadway.
• Glance occasionally to the sides to find the edge of the
pavement and to spot hazards that might come from the
sides.
• Do not wear sunglasses or colored lenses when driving at
night or on overcast days. Tinted or colored lenses reduce
your vision.
• Increase your following distance for night driving conditions
and driving on unfamiliar roadways at night.
If a vehicle comes toward you with its high beams on,
look toward the right side of the road to keep from being
distracted by the headlights.
CURVES
Driving around curves requires
awareness of the road and
control of your vehicle. Smooth
steering and smart driving
habits give you some control
over your road position and
balance. The laws of motion,
which are out of your control,
also impact road position and
balance.
Approaching a curve
• Watch your speed. Reduce your speed before entering
the curve. This helps maintain traction and prevents your
vehicle from skidding or veering off the road. Uphill curves
could require more acceleration, while downhill curves
might require more braking.
• Look ahead. Scan the road ahead to anticipate the
sharpness and length of the curve. This will help you
determine the appropriate speed and steering adjustments.
• Choose the best lane position. Position your vehicle
slightly to the outside of the lane as you approach the curve.
This will give you more room to maneuver and improve your
visibility around the curve.
In the curve
• Maintain a steady speed. Avoid braking or accelerating
suddenly while in the curve. This can disrupt your vehicle’s
balance and lead to a loss of control.
• Gentle steering. Steer smoothly and gradually through the
curve. Avoid oversteering or jerky movements, which can
cause your vehicle to skid.
• Be prepared to adjust. Be ready to adjust your speed
or steering based on road conditions, visibility, and the
behavior of other drivers.
Exiting the curve
• Accelerate gradually. As you exit the curve, gently
accelerate back to your desired speed. This will help you
maintain stability and transition smoothly back into traveling
straight.
• Check your mirrors. Scan your mirrors to ensure you have
adequate space to merge or change lanes if needed.
Laws of motion
When driving on curved roads, it’s important to understand the
forces affecting your vehicle and adjust your driving to stay in
control.
• Roll and yaw. Roll affects how much your vehicle tilts during
a turn, yaw affects side-to-side movement, and both are
important for maintaining control. Adjusting your speed and
steering can help balance your roll and yaw while driving
through curves.
• Momentum. When you’re driving in a straight line, your
vehicle has momentum in that direction. However, when
you enter a curve, you need to change the direction and
momentum of your vehicle.
• Inertia. In a curve, your vehicle will want to pull a little to
keep you moving in a straight line. If you suddenly turn
the steering wheel, inertia will try to keep the car moving
straight. This is why you must carefully steer to smoothly
make the turn.
• Kinetic energy. Higher speeds create more energy,
requiring more time and space to stop or change direction.
Slowing down for curves lowers your vehicle’s kinetic energy
and helps you make the turn without losing traction or
control.
• Friction. Friction is the force between the tires and the
road. It allows your vehicle to grip the surface. The more
friction there is, the better your tires can grip the road. This
helps you slow down, speed up, or turn safely. Slippery
roads due to rain, snow, or ice can significantly reduce
friction in curves. Slow down even more and avoid sudden
movements in these conditions.
SLIPPERY ROADS
Washington weather can cause
slippery roads. Rain, snow, and sleet
create dangers on the roadway.
When the road is slippery, you
must adjust your driving for the
conditions, which might require
you to drive below the posted
speed limit.
If it starts to rain on a hot day, the pavement can be very
slippery for the first few minutes. Heat causes the oil in the
asphalt to come to the surface. The road is slippery until the oil
washes away.
Snowy roads will require a larger following distance and
dramatically reduced speed.
• Use snow tires or chains when it’s required.
• During winter months, you can improve traction by adding
chains to your tires or changing to studded tires.
Avoid icy roads as much as possible. If you must drive on icy
roads, slow down and leave extra space around your vehicle.
• On cold, wet days, shady spots can be icy.
• Overpasses and other types of bridges can have icy spots
even when the rest of the road doesn’t.
• When below-freezing temperatures warm up to near-
freezing, ice can melt and become wet. This makes the road
more slippery.
• Black ice refers to a thin coating of ice that is hard for drivers
to see. Even if you don’t see ice, pay attention when driving
in temperatures near or below freezing. Many drivers crash
when they lose control of their vehicles on black ice.
SKIDDING
Skids are caused when the tires can no longer grip the road.
High speeds and slippery roads increase the possibility of
skidding if you turn or stop suddenly. Because you cannot
control a vehicle when it’s skidding, it’s best to avoid skidding in
the first place.
If you’re skidding, do the following:
1. Take your foot off the accelerator.
2. Press or pump your brakes. Antilock brakes will help
control the rotation of the wheels to slow down faster.
They will also allow you to continue steering the vehicle. If
you don’t have antilock brakes, quickly pressing the brake
pedal down could cause you to skid more.
3. Steer in the same direction your vehicle is moving.
4. Continue to correct your steering. Adjust the wheel
until your tires have regained traction and are going in the
direction you’re steering.
5. Assess the situation. After getting control, consider
the road conditions and adjust your driving behavior as
needed.
HYDROPLANING
Hydroplaning happens when water builds up between your
tires and the road surface. This causes the tires to lose traction
and skid. The vehicle can feel like it’s floating or sliding, making
it hard for you to keep control. The best way to keep from
hydroplaning is to slow down when the road is wet.
If you hydroplane, it is important to do the following:
1. Take your foot off the accelerator.
2. Gently press the brakes. Antilock brakes will help the
vehicle regain contact with the road. If you don’t have
antilock brakes, forcefully pressing the brake pedal could
cause you to hydroplane more.
3. Keep the steering wheel steady. Avoid overcorrecting or
jerking the steering wheel.
4. Look where you want to go. Maintain your focus on the
road while you calmly wait for your tires to regain traction.
5. Assess the situation. After getting control, consider
the road conditions and adjust your driving behavior as
needed.
5.7 | VEHICLE FAILURES
If you have vehicle troubles on the road, remember these tips:
• Get your vehicle off the road and away from traffic, if
possible.
• Stop where other drivers have a clear view of your vehicle,
especially if you can’t get your vehicle off the road. Avoid
stopping just over a hill or around a curve.
• Turn on your emergency flashers and headlights.
• Warn other road users by placing emergency flares 200 to
300 feet behind the vehicle.
• Stand somewhere safe, and wave traffic around your vehicle
if you don’t have emergency flares or another warning
device.
• Lift the hood or tie a white cloth to the antenna, side mirror,
or door handle to signal an emergency.
TIRES
If a tire blows out or suddenly goes flat:
• Grip the steering wheel firmly and keep the vehicle going
straight.
• Slow down gradually. Take your foot off the accelerator.
• Do not brake. Allow the vehicle to slow by itself, or brake
gently if necessary.
• Pull off the road in a safe place, if possible, and turn on
emergency flashers. If you can’t get to a safe place to
change your tire, turn on your hazard warning lights, stay in
your vehicle, and call for help.
• Have the tire repaired or replaced.
POWER
If the engine shuts off while you are driving:
• Keep a strong grip on the steering wheel. Be aware that the
steering wheel might be difficult to turn, but you can turn it.
• Look for an escape path. Don’t brake hard. Instead, brake
with steady pressure on the pedal, slow down, and then pull
off the roadway.
• Stop and try to restart the engine. If unsuccessful, raise the
hood and turn on your hazard warning lights. Call for help.
HEADLIGHT
If your headlights suddenly go out:
• Put on your hazard warning lights, turn signals, or fog lights,
if you have them.
• Pull off the road as soon as possible.
ACCELERATOR
If the vehicle keeps going faster and faster:
• Keep your eyes on the road.
• Quickly shift to neutral.
• Pull off the road when safe to do so.
• Turn off the engine.
5.8 | COMMUNICATING RISKS
Risk is everywhere: in city and country communities, on
highways, back roads, in parking lots and driveways. Keep
yourself informed of all present and potential risks. There might
be times when you’ll need to communicate to others that a risk
is present. Thoughtful use of your lights, horn, and hand signals
can vary depending on the situation —but can be effective
ways to communicate with other road users.
5.9 | COLLISIONS
All drivers eventually will find themselves in an emergency
situation. As careful as you are, there are situations that could
cause problems for you. All drivers have the responsibility to
prevent crashes. Sometimes this will require you to use evasive
maneuvers, but a basic understanding of the laws of physics
can also help you avoid crashing. No matter how well you drive,
you can still become involved in a collision.
Collisions typically have three causes:
1. Too much speed
2. Too little space
3. Insufficient situational awareness.
CRASHING A VEHICLE
• Do not drive away. If anyone is injured or killed, call 911. Law
enforcement must be notified.
• Move the vehicle to the side of the road, but near the
collision site, as soon as possible.
• Don’t stand or walk in traffic lanes. You could be struck by
another vehicle.
• Use flares or other warning devices to alert other drivers of
the collision.
• Turn off wrecked vehicles.
• Don’t smoke around wrecked vehicles. Fuel could have
spilled, and fire is a real danger.
• If the collision involves a parked vehicle, you must try to
locate the owner. If you cannot, leave a note in a place
where they can easily see it. Include the date and time of
collision and your contact information.
REPORTING A CRASH
After a collision, gather information that will help you report the
incident.
• Collect information from others involved. You should also
share your information. You’ll need to exchange:
☐ Name, contact information, and driver license number
☐ Insurance company and policy number
• Take photos or videos of any damage to the vehicles.
• Provide information to the police or other emergency
officials if requested.
• File a collision report form, within 4 days of a crash, if a law
enforcement officer doesn’t do this for you. The form is
required by state law. Go to dol.wa.gov and search collision
report form.
REPORTING AN INJURY
Injuries can add more stress after a crash. Do your best to stay
calm, assess yourself, and then help others.
• Call 911.
• Do not move injured people unless they’re in a burning
vehicle or otherwise in immediate danger.
• Help anyone who isn’t already walking and talking. Check for
breathing, then check for bleeding.
• Follow these steps if you see bleeding:
☐ Apply pressure with hands.
☐ Apply bandage/dressing.
☐ Apply a tourniquet.
• Do not give injured people anything to drink — not even
water.
• Cover injured people with a blanket or coat to keep them
warm and to help prevent them from going into shock.
CALLING 911
It’s important to call 911 in the event of a car crash to get
emergency help. Remember to:
1. Stay calm. Try to remain calm and composed. This will
help you give clear and accurate information to the
dispatcher.
2. Assess the situation. Quickly assess how serious the
crash is and any injuries to you or others.
When talking to a 911 dispatcher, you should:
1. Provide location. Clearly state your location to the
dispatcher, including any close landmarks or mile markers.
If you aren’t sure about your location, try to provide as
much detail as possible to help emergency responders
find you.
2. Describe the situation. Give a brief description of the
crash, including the number of vehicles involved, the
damage, and any injuries.
3. Follow dispatcher instructions. The dispatcher might
ask questions to assess the situation and provide
instructions.
4. Provide details. Be prepared to give more details if
needed. These details could include the vehicle types,
license plate numbers, and any hazards.
5. Stay on the phone. Stay on the phone with the
dispatcher until help arrives.
ENCOUNTERING POWER LINES
If a power line comes in contact with your vehicle, do not
get out of the vehicle.
If a collision involves power lines, you need to take special
precautions. Turn off your engine, call 911, and stay inside your
vehicle until emergency responders arrive. You never know
how, when, or if a power line is charged, but assume they’re all
energized.
If you accidentally drive over a power line, stop immediately.
Moving forward or reversing puts you at risk of being
electrocuted. Call 911 and stay inside your vehicle until you are
told it’s safe to exit.
If power lines fall on your vehicle, or if you hit a transformer box,
stay in your vehicle and call 911. The ground around your vehicle
could also be energized. When possible, encourage people to
stay at least 35 feet away.
If your vehicle comes in contact with power lines and a fire
starts, you want to evacuate the vehicle. It’s very important that
you jump clear of the vehicle. Open your door, and perch on the
ledge of the doorway. Jump away from your vehicle, with your
arms at your sides. Be careful not to touch the vehicle. Make
sure both feet land together. To avoid electric shock, shuffle 35
feet away to safety. Do not go back inside the vehicle for any
belongings until advised that it’s safe to do so.
WITNESSING A CRASH
• Do not block emergency responders.
• Follow directions given by police, firefighters, and other
persons authorized to direct traffic at the scene.
• Keep emergency responders and people involved at the
collision scene safe by focusing on your driving as you
pass. Slowing down to stare at the scene creates traffic
congestion.
EMERGENCY KIT
It’s a good idea to keep an emergency kit in your vehicle. Here
are some items you might want to have in an emergency:
First aid kit
Flashlight
Blanket
Water
Jumper cables
Tool kit or multipurpose utility tool
Backup phone charger or power source
Spare tire, wheel wrench, jack
Reflective triangles or flares
It’s a good idea to keep a paper copy of important numbers
(family members, insurance providers). The paper copy will be
helpful if your phone battery dies and you need to call from a
different phone.
5.10 | LAW ENFORCEMENT
Washington roads are managed by police and state agencies.
Throughout your travels, you might encounter state, county, or
local law enforcement, as well as emergency responders.
GETTING PULLED OVER
Police vehicles attempting to stop drivers will do so by turning
on flashing lights and/or a siren. If a law enforcement officer
pulls you over, remember to:
1. Use your turn signal and pull to
the right side of the road as soon
as it’s safe.
2. Turn off the engine and any audio
devices, like radios.
3. Stay in your vehicle unless
directed by the officer to get out.
4. Turn on your interior lights if
you’re pulled over at night.
Officers might use a spotlight for
additional visibility.
5. Keep your hands on the steering
wheel.
6. Follow all instructions the officer
gives you or your passengers.
The officer could approach either side of the vehicle.
When the officer approaches the vehicle, remember to:
1. Lower the corresponding window so you and the officer can
communicate.
2. Let the officer know right away if you have a weapon in the
vehicle.
3. Wait for the officer’s instructions before reaching for your
driver license or vehicle documents.
If you’re pulled over, an officer will typically:
• Explain why you were stopped.
• Ask for your:
☐ Driver license
☐ Proof of insurance
☐ Vehicle registration
Tell the officer where these documents are located before
reaching for them.
• Explain what action they’re taking (issuing a warning or
ticket, or making an arrest). If the officer doesn’t explain the
action they’re taking, you can ask them to do so.
You are allowed to respectfully ask the officer questions. If you
disagree with the officer’s decision or course of action, do not
prolong the contact by arguing with the officer. You may seek to
contest the decision in court.
If you believe the officer acted inappropriately or have
questions regarding their conduct, you can call or contact the
officer’s agency and request a supervisor. This is best done as
soon as possible after getting pulled over.
GETTING A TICKET
If you get a ticket, you are required to sign for it. Your
acceptance and signature isn’t an admission of guilt. However,
refusing to sign a traffic ticket could result in your arrest.
You need to follow the instructions on the back of the
ticket within 15 days to avoid having your driving privileges
suspended. Driving with a suspended license could result in
losing your vehicle and/or getting arrested.
CONCLUSION
Washington roads connect every community throughout our
state. We use them to commute to work, deliver goods, and
explore the beauty of the Pacific Northwest.
Remember smart driving habits are the foundation of a safe and
enjoyable driving experience.
Good drivers are:
• Alert. Always aware of their surroundings and potential
hazards.
• Buckled. Properly restrained with seat belts for every trip.
• Calm. Avoiding aggressive behavior and managing
emotions behind the wheel.
• Focused. Eliminating distractions and concentrating on
driving.
• Sober. Never driving under the influence of alcohol or
drugs.
Experience will build confidence; however, be careful to
avoid complacency. Driving requires continuous learning and
adaptation as laws, vehicles, and driving conditions change.
Welcome to Washington’s shared driving community.
Let’s work together to keep the roads safe for everyone.
GLOSSARY
Anti-lock Braking System (ABS): Vehicle safety feature that helps
you maintain control and stop safely.
Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS): Vehicle safety
technology that intervenes, warns, or assists drivers.
Aggressive driving: Driving behavior that is angry, risky, or impatient,
like speeding or tailgating.
Agricultural permit: Permission for a person under the age of 18 to
drive tractors and other vehicles used in farming.
Angle parking: Parking a car diagonally to the curb instead of
parallel.
At-fault collision: When a crash happens, and it’s determined that
one driver is mostly responsible for causing it.
Backing: Driving a vehicle in reverse.
Balanced weight: Even distribution of weight in a vehicle to maintain
stability.
Blind area, spot, or zone: Areas around a vehicle where the driver’s
view is obstructed, and they cannot see other vehicles.
Booster seat: A special seat designed for children who have
outgrown their car seats but are still too small to properly fit in a
regular seatbelt.
Brake failure: When the brakes of a vehicle stop working properly.
Brake lights: The red lights on the back of a vehicle that turn on
when the driver presses the brake pedal, signaling to other drivers
that the vehicle is slowing down or stopping.
Carpool: When 2 or more people are in a vehicle while it’s moving.
Certificate of ownership: A document showing who owns the
vehicle or vessel.
Child safety seat or child restraint: A special seat for children in a
vehicle to keep them safe in case of a crash.
Collision or crash: When two or more vehicles or objects collide with
each other.
Complex intersections: Intersections with multiple lanes or unusual
traffic patterns.
Crash involvement: Being part of a collision or crash.
Cruise or speed control: A system in a car that maintains a set
speed without the driver needing to press the accelerator pedal.
Distracted driving: Anything that takes your focus away from driving,
like your phone or multitasking behind the wheel.
Driver licensing office: Location that provides customer services
related to licensing.
Department of Licensing (DOL): State agency issuing driver
licenses, ID cards, license plates, and vehicle and boat registrations.
Driving record: A record of a person’s driving history, including any
violations or collisions.
Driving under the influence (DUI): Operating a vehicle while
impaired by alcohol or drugs.
Fatigue: Feeling very tired.
Financial responsibility: Being held responsible for paying for
something if damage occurs.
Forward-facing seat: A type of car seat that is positioned to face the
front of the vehicle, suitable for children who have outgrown rear-
facing seats.
Hand-to-hand steering: Technique of moving hands around the
steering wheel without crossing them.
Hazard lights: Indicator lights on the front and back of a car showing
other drivers and pedestrians to use caution when near the vehicle.
Hazard perception: The ability to recognize and respond to potential
dangers while driving.
High occupancy vehicle (HOV): Lane reserved for carpooling
vehicles with 2 or more people inside.
Headlights: The lights on the front of a vehicle that illuminate the
road ahead, allowing the driver to see and be seen in low-light
conditions or at night.
Hydroplaning: When a vehicle loses traction on a wet road and skids.
Identification (ID): Document with personal information such as your
name, date of birth, or photograph.
Identity: Who a person is, including their name, date of birth, and
other personal information.
Impaired driving: Operating a vehicle while under the influence
of alcohol, drugs, or other substances that affect judgment and
coordination.
Implied consent law: Laws that require drivers to submit to certain
tests, like breathalyzer tests, if suspected of driving under the
influence.
Interchange: Place where 2 or more roads connect.
Joining traffic: Merging into moving traffic.
Juvenile: A person who is not yet considered an adult by law, typically
under the age of 18.
Knowledge exam: An assessment that evaluates a person’s
understanding of driving rules, signs, and other important information
needed to drive safely.
Lane change: Moving from one lane to another.
License Express: An online service where you can renew your
driver’s license, vehicle tabs, business license, or report when you sell
a vehicle. You can find License Express here at secure.dol.wa.gov.
License plate: A metal or plastic plate with numbers and letters on
it, attached to the front and back of a vehicle, used to identify the
vehicle to law enforcement and others.
Moving violation: a ticket issued if a law is broken while the vehicle is
moving.
Non-resident: Someone who doesn’t permanently live in a particular
place, like a city or state.
Occupant protection systems: Safety features in vehicles, like
airbags and seat belts.
One-hand steering: Steering with one hand.
Open container law: A law that prohibits drivers and passengers
from having open containers of alcoholic beverages in a vehicle, to
prevent drinking and driving.
Organ donor: Someone who has agreed to donate their organs after
they die to help save the lives of others in need of transplants.
Parallel parking: Parking between two vehicles along the curb.
Parent or guardian: A legal adult in charge of caring for a minor.
Pass or passing: Going past another vehicle.
Pedestrian: A person walking on or near the road.
Peripheral vision: Seeing objects to the side while looking straight
ahead.
Perpendicular parking: Parking at a right angle to the curb.
Pedestrian safety zone: An area where drivers can’t go to ensure
people have a safe space away from traffic.
Pitch of vehicle: The angle of a vehicle’s front or back.
Polydrug use: Consuming or using more than 1 kind of drug at the
same time.
Proactive: Responding to a situation you anticipate.
Reactive: Responding to a situation you see.
Reference points: Lines on the road or objects near your vehicle that
help you know your location on the road.
Right-of-way: The legal right to proceed first in traffic; for example,
the first vehicle to stop at an intersection has the right-of-way.
Risk: Chance of something bad happening.
Roll of vehicle: Side-to-side movement of a vehicle.
Roundabout: A circular barrier that controls traffic at an intersection,
also known as a traffic circle.
Selective Service registration: signing up for this makes a person
assigned male at birth between ages 18 and 25 eligible to be drafted
in the military in case of a national emergency.
Signaling: Using turn signals to indicate intentions to other drivers.
Situational awareness: Your ability to be fully aware of your
surroundings while you’re driving that helps you make safe driving
decisions.
Skid: Loss of traction causing a vehicle to slide out of control.
Skills exam: An assessment that determines a person’s ability to
perform practical driving tasks, such as parking and maneuvering.
Speed limits: Maximum legal speeds allowed on roads.
Standard sign colors: Colors used for traffic signs to convey specific
meanings.
Stop sign: A sign indicating drivers must come to a complete stop.
Stopping distance: The distance traveled from the moment a driver
applies the brakes until the vehicle comes to a stop.
Stopping position: The place where a vehicle comes to a stop.
Studded Tires: Winter tires with metal pieces, called studs, that can
be used for driving in frozen conditions.
Tailgating: Following the vehicle in front of you too closely.
Tire blowout: Sudden loss of air pressure in a tire while driving.
Tourniquet: Tight wrapping that helps control bleeding.
Traction loss: Reduced grip between tires and the road.
Traction: The grip between tires and the road surface.
Traditional intersection: A standard intersection where roads meet
at right angles.
Traffic control devices: Signs, signals, and markings used to
regulate traffic.
Traffic flow: How vehicles move on roads.
Traffic laws: Rules that govern how vehicles must operate on roads.
Traffic sign shapes: Different shapes of signs that have specific
meanings.
Traffic signal: A light that controls traffic flow at intersections.
Traffic volume: The amount of traffic on a road.
Traffic: Vehicles moving on roads.
Trip or route planning: Planning the route for a journey.
Turn signals: The blinking lights on the front and back of a vehicle
that indicate the driver’s intention to turn left or right, or to change
lanes.
Turn: Changing direction while driving.
Twin registry: A list of twins’ names and some information about
them, often used for research.
Uncontrolled intersection: An intersection without traffic signals or
signs.
Understeer: When a vehicle doesn’t turn as much as the driver
intends.
Vehicle insurance: Coverage that helps pay for damage or injuries
from crashes.
Vehicle maneuvers: Actions performed while driving, like turning
or stopping.
Vehicle registration: Official documentation proving ownership of
a vehicle.
Visibility: How well you can see surrounding objects.
Vision screening: A test to check how well you can see and if your
eyes are healthy.
Visual search: Deliberately looking for current or potential hazards.
Visitor: Someone who is in a place for a brief or limited amount
of time.
Voter registration: document showing when a resident has signed
up to be able to vote in local and national elections.
Vehicle licensing office: Where you go for vehicle certificates, tabs,
and registration help.
Vehicle Safety Technology (VST): Vehicle features that use sensors
or cameras to intervene, warn, or assist you in driving safely.
Weather conditions: What the weather is like.
Yaw: The side-to-side movement of a vehicle.
ACCESSIBILITY AND ACCOMMODATIONS
DOL will provide reasonable accommodations upon request to those
customers who need them to access our facilities and services.
• If you require an accommodation to access our programs,
facilities, or services, call 360-902-3900 or staff in our
community-based licensing offices can assist you. If you are
unable to get an accommodation or have an ADA complaint,
contact our ADA Compliance Manager at ada@dol.wa.gov.
• If you need assistance in a language other than
English, contact our Language Access team at
languageaccess@dol.wa.gov.
• If you believe you’ve been discriminated against in receiving
services from DOL, based on your protected group as
indicated in Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, please
reach out to our Civil Rights Compliance Coordinator at
CivilRtsCoord@dol.wa.gov.
DISCLAIMER
The Washington State Driver Guide is not a legal authority and is
not intended for use in court. The guide cannot be used as a basis
for legal claims or actions. Traffic regulations in cities, towns, and
countries may go beyond state laws, but cannot conflict with them. If
you are interested in specific laws relating to motor vehicle operation
and driver licensing, refer to Title 46 RCW, Motor Vehicles.
Material in this guide is intended for education or research purposes.
Unless otherwise identified, all content is the copyrighted property
of Washington State Department of Licensing (DOL). Commercial or
political use of this material is prohibited without written consent from
the DOL. If you have a suggestion or question about the information
supplied in this guide, or a situation not covered, please email
tse@dol.wa.gov.
This work is protected by U.S. Copyright Law. The Washington State
Department of Licensing (DOL) owns the copyright to this work.
© Copyright 2025, Washington State Department of Licensing All
rights reserved.
Frequently Asked Questions
How many questions are on the Washington DMV written test?
The Washington (WA) DMV written knowledge test typically consists of 20–50 multiple-choice questions. The exact number varies — check the official Washington DMV website for the current format.
What topics are covered in the Washington driver's handbook?
The Washington driver's handbook covers traffic laws and regulations, road signs and signals, safe driving practices, right-of-way rules, speed limits, DUI/DWI laws, and vehicle operation requirements specific to Washington.
Is the Washington driver's handbook available in Spanish?
Many states provide their driver's handbook in multiple languages. Download links for all available languages — including Spanish, Russian, Chinese, and more — are listed above on this page.
How do I pass the Washington DMV written test?
Study the official Washington driver's handbook thoroughly, then take free practice tests at DMVSOS.com to reinforce what you've learned. Most test-takers who study the full handbook and complete several practice tests pass on their first attempt.